PUBLISHED BY M. D. BERLITZ, 

28-30 West 34th St., New York. 





FRENCH. 






Methode Berlitz, Premier livre (object teaching and easy 




conversation; a 


purely natural method without 




translation) 






$1.00 


Deuxieme livre 


..... 


. 


1.00 


The latter book consists of copious 


exercises in 




conversation and composition grammatically graded. 




and contains highly interesting reading 


matter. It 




can be used to 


advantage with any. method. The 




new words arc 


so arranged that their 


meaning is 




understood !>y context. 






Litterai "~ 


• — .,, 


--'--ted ex- 




tra 




1 for an 




adv 


^^S^^w 


.ble as a 




rev * 




, bound 


1.50 


Gramm 




tch 


.75 


Vol. 




French 




Vei 


^S^M^Ss^ 


ses, fol- 




lo^ I 


Hs|r ^1$]^ 


ses and 




mo [j 


luN&Jp 






Vol. j \ 


lg& J&JM 


all trea- 




tist 


x^ji^fSsfliiz 


sercises. 




Vol. I 




►BSERVA- 




TJO 

° C oi Class. 


PCiiti 


:omplete 
ing aad 

regular 




spt 

,aWea Book 

am " 


,BS4 


.10 


Tablea 




32 x 42; 




an GojPghtW 


o recita- 
tire set. 




:,io 




1.25 


Genre coPYRiGKrr deposit. 


jnder of 




no - 






.25 


Frenel 




practical 




me 




all diffi- 




cu: 




.rked. 2 




Vo 






1.00 


Key to exercises 


of tke above (for each volume) 


.25 


Le Francais Commercial 




.75 



EDITION BERLITZ, \ F ^ nch ^JT^ «, ', ** : *. 
( " Sketches, Storiettes, eta 

(See Special Catalogue.) 



.25 
.16 



GERMAN. 



Methodc Berlitz, Erstes Buch, fcl.OO; Zweites Buch $1.00 
(These books offer the same advantages as the 
French series.) 

German With or Without a Master, the most practical 
method for self-instruction and schools; all difficul- 
ties simplified and pronunciation marked. 2 volumes 
each (sold separately) ...... 1.25 

Key to exercises of the above (each volume) . . .25 

Praktische Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. With 

numerous practical exercises ..... .75 

Das Geschlecht der Substantive, containing all the rules 

on the gender of nouns, with exercises . . . .25 

Deutsche Hnndelssprache . . . . . . .75 



SPANISH. 



Spanish Metodo Berlitz (complete) ..... 1-50 

Spanish With or Without a Master, the most practical 
method for self-instruction and schools; all difficul- 
ties simplified and pronunciation marked. 2 vols., 

each (sold separately) ....... 1.00 

Key to the exercises of the above (for each volume) . .25 

El Espanol Comercial . . . . . . . .75 

A Practical Smattering of Spanish 30 

Verb o« y Conversaclones . . . . . . . .75 



ITALIAN. 



Italian, Metodo Berlitz (complete) . . . . .1.54 

I Verb! in due tavole ....... .10 

Verbi e Conversazioni . . . . . . . .75 

Letteratura It a II an a . . . .1.50 

BOOKS IN OTHER LANGUAGES 

RUSSIAN, BOHEMIAN, SWEDISH, DANISH, PORTU- 
GUESE, POLISH, DUTCH, AND HUNGARIAN 
METHODS (each complete) 1.50 

JAPANESE METHOD 3.00 

FOR FOREIGNERS TO LEARN ENGLISH 

Berlitz Method, First Book, $1.00; Second Bo( k . . 1.00 

English Literature . . . . . . .1.50 

Commercial English ....... .75 

English Idioms and Grammar . . . . .1.00 

PICTURES FOR THE OBJECT-LESSONS ... .75 

TABLEAUX BERLITZ, artistic, illustrated wall charts 
for object lessons in foreign languages; size 47 x 38 
inches. A great help for conversation practice on 
almost any topic. Sets of 4 charts unmounted . . 5.00 

Mounted on muslin with cplit rods ..... 10.00 

THE BERLITZ METHOD FOR CHILDREN 

All Lessons based on Object-Teaching. 
Profusely Illustrated; Large Print. 

FRENCH PART $1.00 

GERMAN PART . 1.00 

ENGLISH PART ..*„.,..... 1.00 



M. D. BERLITZ 



KEY 

TO THE FIRST FRENCH BOOK 

CONTAINING 

The Pronunciation, Translation and Gram- 
mar of the French Text, with 
Explanation of Idioms 



ARRANGED FOR 
SELF-INSTRUCTION 

OR 

FOR HOMESTUDY 

SUPPLEMENTING THE REGULAR CLASSWORK 



NEW YORK 

West Thirty-Fourth Street 

1917 









l»» 



v$> 



& 



Copyright, 1917 
By M. D. BERLITZ 

All rights reserved 



JUL 31 1917 



©CU470507 



PREFACE 

In a book designed for self-instruction, it may seem ab- 
surd to state at the outset that a speaking knowledge of a 
language can hardly be obtained from books. 

It is evident that a language consists of sounds and that 
one can no more learn a sound from an explanation than 
one can get a correct idea of a flavour from a description — 
a sound must be heard, a colour seen, a flavour tasted, an 
odour smelled. There are hardly any sounds in one lan- 
guage perfectly identical with those of another language; 
there is merely a more or less close resemblance between 
them; you must therefore hear the foreign sounds before 
you can produce them correctly. Phonographs will not do 
for this purpose, not only because their reproduction of at 
least some sounds is rather imperfect, but also because the 
ear makes the foreign sounds similar to those with which it 
is familiar in your mother tongue, unless a teacher draws 
your attention to the peculiarity of that' particular sound 
and drills you until you hear it and utter it correctly. 

Furthermore, in order to understand and speak a lan- 
guage, the sounds reaching the ear must be so intimately 
connected with the mental impressions (ideas) that the lat- 
ter are spontaneously and immediately made or awakened 
as soon as the former is heard, and the ideas in their turn 
must, through direct connection with the organs of speech, 
cause the proper expression to be immediately on "your 
tongue^s end." 

The normal way of learning a foreign language is, there- 



fore, to have a native teacher (or, still better, several teach- 
ers alternating) who speaks to you and makes you speak the 
foreign language only, teaching the expressions of concrete 
meaning by object lessons, those of abstract meaning 
through association (context), grammar and idioms 
through examples and practical drill. These principles 
form the basis of the Berlitz Method. 

There are, however, many people in need of a foreign 
language, who cannot avail themselves of the advantages of- 
fered by the Berlitz Schools, either because they live too 
far away or have not the time to take lessons regularly. 
For these we have arranged the present book, which in a 
measure may be considered a substitute for the teacher. 

There are also many schools and instructors who recog- 
nize how efficient and interesting the study of a foreign 
tongue becomes through the constant and practical drill 
given by the Berlitz Method, but who cannot use it, because 
their classes are too large and their pupils must stud} 7 be- 
tween the lessons, or, because on account of their number, 
the students cannot obtain individually the necessary ex- 
planations and corrections. In these cases the book will be 
a sort of assistant teacher or guide in the student's home- 
work. 

The advantages of this method are the following: 

(a) The greater part of the lessons are based on object- 
teaching; this results in the student's associating percep- 
tion with the foreign expressions and his becoming grad- 
ually able to think in the foreign idiom. 

(b) Nearly all the lessons are in the form of conversa- 
tion, in order that the student's ear and tongue may be con- 
tinually drilled. 

(c) That which is most useful is always taught first; 
thus the student's mind is not encumbered with rules and 
word-forms that he cannot immediately use and will forget 
again before needing. 

\ 



(d) Where rules are to be given, they are illustrated by 
striking examples, so that even pupils who are not good 
grammarians can fully understand them. 

(e) The pronunciation of all difficult words or expres- 
sions is carefully transcribed; the students, therefore, are 
not constantly dependent on their teacher and can, if neces- 
sary, progress without him. 

(f) All idioms or other difficulties are carefully ex- 
plained in order to emancipate the intelligent students from 
their teacher as much as possible. 

The Method is Designed : 

(1) For self -instruction : the student in such case reads 
over aloud, and several times, each lesson in this book and 
then asks himself the questions of the French text and an- 
swers them. 

(2) For reciprocal instruction in clubs or parties of 
friends; each member alternately acting as the teacher, 
asking the questions and letting the other answer in 
turn. This has the advantage over self-instruction that 
the ear is more thoroughly drilled in catching the foreign 
sounds by hearing other people's voices, and as several heads 
know more than one, each student will be able in his turn 
to correct mistakes made by his fellow-students. 

(3) For schools in which a course in conversation is de- 
sired in addition to the ordinary course in grammar and 
translation ; the teacher using in the class the " Premier 
Livre," speaking French exclusively, whilst the pupil at 
home prepares and reviews the lesson with the help of this 
book. 

(4) For schools that have large classes or cannot give 
a great deal of time to French ; as in this book the students 
find all pronunciation and other difficulties thoroughly ex- 
plained, so that they can do a great deal of work outside of 
their recitations. 



HtJLES FOR PRONUNCIATION. 

Most of the French sounds have no exact equivalent 
in English; we can therefore describe French pronun- 
ciation only approximately and not speak at all of 
minor shades of sound. For this reason we advise the 
students, if possible, to have some educated Frenchman 
pronounce for them at least the most peculiar sounds, 
such as the u, eu, gn, the nasals, and the " liquid V 

ACCENT OR STRESS. 

Lay the same stress on every syllable of the word, or 
a trifle more stress on the last syllable. 

The written or printed accents placed over vowels in 
French (eee) have no influence on the stress laid on 
certain syllables, as they would in English. They are 
merely used to indicate differences in meaning (as: la, 
the — la, there; ou, or — oil, where, etc.); sometimes, 
however, they indicate a slight difference in sound in 
the letter e. In many words the written accent is 
merely a useless remainder of some difference which 
existed centuries ago. 

PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS. 

a is as in father (we shall represent it, when neces- 
sary, by ah) : examples : chat shah, rat rah, pas pah, 
etalage ettahlah-zh, table tahbl. 

e is about like e in Edison: examples: ete = et-tay, 1 

iln doubling consonants, or in making the syllables end with 

5 



— 6 — 

enorme = en-norm, repete = rep-pet-tay, pref ere a 
pref-fay-ray. We shall represent this sound by e fol- 
lowed by a doubled consonant or by ay at the end of a 
word. You must, however, be careful not to diphthong- 
ize this final ay (not to give it the English vanishing 
sound). 

e> e is like ai in " air M ; examples : des — dai, pro- 
gres sbb prograi, ere — air, creme = kraim, fete = fait. 

e (1) at the end of a word or syllable is not pro- 
nounced in conversation ; examples : venir sa= v'neer, 
mener = m'nai, appeler = app'lai. 

If the word cannot be uttered without pronouncing 
the e it sounds like an indistinct grunt, somewhat like 
the English u in but (much less distinctly pronounced) ; 
we shall represent it by a double apostrophe. Ex- 
amples : retourner = r ,, toornay, brebis = br"bee, re- 
cevez = r"ss"vay. 

(2) If not at the end of a syllable (if followed by 
a consonant belonging to the same syllable) e without 
accent is pronounced like e or e : examples : bref == 
breff, jette = zhett, amer == ammair, les = lai. 

i is (1) as in fit. In our transcribed pronunciation 
we shall double the consonant after the £, in order to rep- 
resent its short sound. Examples : fini = finnee, fidele 
= fiddail. Before another vowel, it is very often like y 
consonant (as in yes) ; pronounce: fier = Fy&ir, tiers 
= t'yair, cordonnier == cordon-yay. 

(2) like ee in meet; examples: lit = lee, venir = 
v'neer, lire = leer, ile = eel, vive = veeve. 

them we often violate the rules of French syllabication: we had, 
however, to do this to help the English student to get a little 
closer to the correct sounds of French vowels. 



— 7 — 

o is (1) almost like u in rub (in our transcription 
we shall generally double the consonant after it to indi- 
cate the short sound) examples : robe = rubb, ecole = 
eckull, devote = dayvutt, globe = glubb. 

(2) as in pole (we represent it by o) ; examples: 
rose = roze, chose = shoze. Be careful not to diph- 
thongize the long o (i.e., not to give it the English van- 
ishing sound). 

u is similar to the German u; in English there is no 
sound like it. It is produced by pronouncing ee as in 
meet, but with the mouth rounded, with the lips pro- 
truding and nearly closed (as in whistling), so as to 
give a thick sound of ee; we shall represent it by ii. 
Try to pronounce : rue = rii, du = dii, lu == lii, cul- 
bute = kiilbiit, flute = fliit. 

ou is like the English oo; examples: roue = roo, 
mouche = moosh, ouvert = oovair. 

eu (1) before r and final / and I is like u in burn 
(we shall represent it by 03) ; examples : seul = soell, 
veuf = voeff, heure = cer, peur = poer. 

(2) Elsewhere it is pronounced like the German 
(pronounce an English long a with mouth arranged as 
for the French w);we shall represent it by 0; examples : 
bleu = bio, feu = fo, heureux =oe-ro, cheveu = sh"vo. 

y is generally like the French i. 

oi is almost like wah; examples : soir = swahr, pois 
= pwah, loi = lwah, effroi = effrwah. 

Nasajl Vowels: When a vowel is followed by m 
or n belonging to the same syllable, the m or n are not 
pronounced, but they give to the preceding vowel a 
slightly nasal pronunciation. (We shall mark this 



— 8 — 

iiasal pronunciation by ng in italics. Be careful not 
to pronounce the ng but to nasalize the vowel imme- 
diately preceding, and don't pronounce the rest of the 
word through the nose.) In such case 

an, am, are like ah slightly nasalized. 

en, em, are also like ah slightly nasalized. 

on, om, are like oh slightly nasalized. 

in, im, are like ai 1 slightly nasalized. 

un, um, are like u in hut 2 slightly nasalized. 

Examples: enfant =ahng-fsihng, en = ahng, on = 
ohng, dans = dalm<7, plafond = plaffohn^ plancher = 
plalm^-shay, long == lohw^, longue = lolmg-gh, un = 
ung, parfum = parfun^ intelligent = ai^-tellee- 
zhahng, interdire = aing-tairdeer. 



PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS 

c is as in English ; g is used only before a, o, u to in- 
dicate the sound of ss; ch = sh; h is silent; g before 
e, i, y, like zh, elsewhere like gh; gn has no equivalent 
in English, the nearest to it is ni of the word onion ( we 
shall represent it by ri) ; j = zh (like z in azure) ; I as 
in English, but if preceded by i it has often the sound 
of y (as in yes) ; in this case we shall represent it by 
ye; r is a little guttural and stronger than in English ; t 
in the ending Hon is like ss; s between two vowels, like 
z, elsewhere like ss ( — hissing). Examples: captif — 
kap-tiff, recois = r"ss-wah, forcons = forsohn^ cheval 
= sh"val, architecte = ar-shee-tekt, hiver == eevair, 

i Resembling somewhat the a in sang. 
2 Resembling somewhat the u in sung. 



— 9 — 

hotel = ohtell, gemir = zhay-meer, gentil = zhahncf- 
tee, guere = gair, vignoble = veeii-yobl, ligne =? liii, 
jurer == zhiirai, jaloux = zhah-loo, mal = mal, babiller 
= bah-bee-yay, fille = fee-ye, Versailles — Vairs-eye, 
repetition = rep-pet-tiss-syohn^, description = dess- 
krips-yohw<7, epaisse = ep-paiss. 

Final consonants, except f, I, r, are not pronounced, 
but if followed by a mute e they are pronounced; ex- 
amples : ecrit = eckree, ecrite = eckrit ; gris = gree, 
grise = greez, etroit = ettrwah, etroite = ettrwat, che- 
val = sh'Val, amer = ahmair, sauf = sohf. 

Final I and r which in English are somewhat vocal- 
ized, are softer in French. 

The pronunciation of words presenting any difficulty 
will be given in italics during the lessons. 

la liaison (lah lee-aizohngr) = the tying together. 
When a word begins with a vowel, the final con- 
sonant of the preceding word is generally pronounced 
over, as if the second word began with it (similar to the 
English " at all," which — vulgarly — is pronounced 
" at-tall ") ; we shall mark the " liaison " by a hyphen. 
The latter, therefore, is used by us not only to divide 
words into syllables, but also to show that two words have 
to be pronounced together as if they were one word. Ex- 
amples : " II a sept enfants a l'ecole " is pronounced : 
" ee-lah set-talmgr-falmgr-zah leckoll " (in the " liaison " 
s has the sound of z; d the sound of t). The " liaison " 
does not occur if the words are not connected with re- 
gard to sense. 



— 10 — 

RESUME OF OUR TRANSCRIPTION OF PRONUNCIATION. 
(SEE PRECEDING RULES.) 

Pronounce a as in father, i as in fit or ee, y before 
vowels as in yes, the double apostrophe (") denotes a 
slight indistinct grunt, ce is like u in burn, 6 and u have 
no equivalents in English, n is like ni in onion, the ital- 
icised ng gives a nasal pronunciation to the preceding- 
vowel (see page 6). The syllable ye added to a word 
denotes that it ends with a sound resembling the one of 
y in yes. 

We found in practice that we could not represent a 
certain sound always in the same way, as the letters 
preceding or following would mislead the learner. 
Furthermore a sound is never absolutely stable, but is 
affected by the intonation, or the feeling with which it is 
uttered. 



LECONS PRELIM IN AIRES. 

L"ssohn<7 Pray-lim-in-air. Preliminary Lessons. 



— 11 — 



ADVICE TO THE PUPIL. 

Prepare each lesson with this book, then close it and study 
the real French text in the other book, so as to accustom your- 
self to pronounce and understand French without transcription 
and translation. Refer to this book as little as possible. 



PREMIERE LE^ON. 

Pr"m-yair U'ssohng. First Lesson. 

Le livre le crayon le papier la boite la plume 

(L" leevr 1" crayohn<7 1" pap-yay lah bwat lah plum] 
The book the pencil the paper the box the pen 



La chaise 


la table 


la porte 


la fenetre 


(Lah shaiz 


lah tahbl 


lah porrt 


lah f'naitr) 


The chair 


the table 


the door 


the window 



Remark 1 : The student must remember whether le 
(1") or la (lah) is to be used before a word. Those 
words that take le are said to be masculine ; those taking 
la are called feminine. The English neuter does not 
exist in French, all nouns being either masculine or 
feminine. 



Qu'est-ce que c'est? 
(Kess k" sai?) 
What is that? 



Le livre, la table, etc. 
(L" leevr, lah tahbl, etc.) 
The book, the table, etc. 

13 — 



— 14 — 



Est-ce le livre? 
(Ess 1" leevr?) 
Is this the book? 



Oui, c'est le livre. 
(Wee, sai 1" leevr.) 
Yes, it is the book. 
Non, ce n'est pas le livre. 
(Nohng, s'nai pah 1" leevr.) 
No, it is not the book. 



Remark 2: In French, the word not is rendered by 
two words, ne pas; the verb is placed between them. 
Before a vowel n is used instead of ne. The pronun- 
ciation of nest is raw. 

" C'est = it is " may sometimes be translated by 
" this is, that is " ; " est-ce i= is it " may also mean " is 
this, is that " ; " ce n'est pas == it is not, this is not, that 
is not." 

Remark 3: Elliptic answers (as: It is, it is not) 
cannot be used. 



Est-ce le crayon? 
(Ess 1" crayohtt#? 
Is this the pencil? 



la plume? 
lah pltim? 
the pen? 



la chaise? 
lah shaiz? 
the chair ? 



la table? 
lah tahbl?) 
the table? 



Vetements: (Vettmahray) Clothes: Le veston (L" 
vestohray) the jacket; le gilet (P'zheelay) the waistcoat; 
le pantalon (1" pahray-tah-lohrig') the trousers; le chap- 
eau (1" shah-poh) the hat; le gant (1" g&hng) the 
glove; le col (1" kull) the collar; la robe (lah rubb) 
the dress; la bottine (lah but-teen) the low boot; la 
cravate (lah krav-att 1 ) the necktie; la manchette (lah 
mahra/-shett) the cuff; le mouchoir (1" mooshwahr) the 
handkerchief. 



i See footnote page 1. 



— 15 — 

DEUXIEME LE£ON. 

Doz-yaim L"ssolmr/. Second Lesson. 



Couleurs: Rouge, bleu, jaune, vert, noir, blanc, gris. 
(Koolcer: Roozh, bio, zhone, vair, nwahr, blalm$r, gree.) 
Colours: Red, blue, yellow, green, black, white, gray. 



Le crayon est rouge, le livre est bleu, 
(L" crayohngr ai roozh, 1" leevr ai bio, 
The pencil is red, the book is blue, 

La cravate est rouge. 
(Lah krav-att ai roozh.) 
The necktie is red. 



la boite est jaune, 
lah bwat ai zhone) 
the box is yellow, 



De quelle couleur est le crayon? 
(D" kel cooker ai 1" crayohw#? 
Of what colour is the pencil? 



Le crayon est rouge. 
L" crayohn<7 ai roozh.) 
The pencil is red. 



Remark Jf.: It is has to be rendered by cest when a 
noun follows, by il est (masculine) or elle est (femi- 
nine) when an adjective follows. 

De quelle couleur est le crayon? II est rouge. 

(D" kel cooloer ai 1" crayohwy? Il-ai roozh.) 

Of what colour is the pencil? It is red. 

De quelle couleur est la cravate? Elle est rouge. 

(D" kel cooloer ai lah krav-att? El ai roozh.) 

Of what colour is the necktie? It is red. 

Remark 5: Kef erring to feminine words, all adjec- 
tives not ending in mute e must assume one — " noire, 
bleue " have the same pronunciation as the correspond- 
ing masculine forms, — grise, verte, brune, are pro- 
nounced " greeze, vairt, briin " ; a few others undergo 
further changes; for instance: blanc has for the femi- 
nine, blanche (bla^-sh). 



Le col est blanc. 
(L" kull ai blahng. 
The collar is white. 

Le crayon est brun. 
( L" crayohtt# ai brung. 
The pencil is brown. 

Le chapeau est gris. 
(L" shah-poh ai gree. 
The hat is gra} 7 . 



— 16 — 

La manchette est blanche. 

Lah mahw#-shett ai blahwgr-sh.) 

The cuff is white. 

La table est brune. 
Lah tahbl ai brun.) 
The table is brown. 

La porte est grise. 
Lah porrt ai greez.) 
The door is gray. 



Le papier est vert. La cravate est verte. 
(L" pap-yay ai vair. Lah krav-att ai vairt.) 
The paper is green. The necktie is green. 

De quelle couleur est le col? II est blanc. 

(D" kel coolcer ai 1" kull? Il-ai blahng.) 

Of what colour is the collar? It is white. 

De quelle couleur est la manchette? Elle est blanche. 
(D" kel cooler ai lah mahw#-shett ?E1 ai blalmsr-sh.) 
Of what colour is the cuff? It is white. 



Remark 6: In French, such questions as " Is the 
book black? Is the table large?" etc., cannot be 
formed. You must say : " The book, is it black ? 
The table, is it large ? " Notice that the pronoun in 
a question is joined to the verb by a hyphen. 



Le crayon est-il brun? 
( L" crayohntjr et-il brung ? 
Is the pencil brown? 

Le papier est-il vert? 
(L" pap-yay et-il vair? 
Is the paper green? 



Oui, il est brun. 
Wee, il-ai brung.) 
Yes, it is brown. 

Non, il n'est pas vert. 
Nohwgr, il nai pah vair.) 
No, it is not green. 



La table est-elle brune? Oui, elle est brune. 
(Lah tahbl et-el brim? Wee, el ai brim.) 
Is the table brown? Yes, it is brown. 



— 17 — 

Remark 7: The conjunction and is in French et, 
pronounced ay (the t of this word is never carried over 
to the next word). The conjunction or is ou, pro- 
nounced oo. 

Le livre est rouge et noir. (L" leevr ai roozh ay 
nwahr.) The book is red and black. Le livre est-il 
rouge ou noir? (L" leevr et-il roozh oo nwahr?) Is 
the book red or black ? 

Masculin: long, court, large, 6troit, grand, petit. 
\ohng, coor, larzh, ett-rwah, gr&hng, p"tee. 

Feminin: longue, courte, large, gtroite, grande, petite. 
lohw<7-gh, coort, larzh, ett-rwat, grahn^r-d, p"tit. 
long, short, wide, narrow, large, small. 

Remark 8: Adjectives of colour (and many others) 
are put after the noun ; examples : the red pencil — le 
crayon rouge. Grand and petit stand generally before 
the noun. 

As the last consonant is carried to the next word, if it 
begins with a vowel, " il est etroit " is pronounced : 
il-lai-tet-trwah, and " il n'est pas etroit " is pronounced : 
il nai pah-zet-trwah. 

Le crayon noir est long; le crayon rouge n'est pas 
long, il est court. (L" crayolm^ nwahr ai \ohng ; 1" 
crayotm^r roozh nai pah lohn^ il ai coor.) The black 
pencil is long; the red pencil is not long, it is short. 
La regie jaune est longue, la regie noire est courte. 
(Lah raigl zhone ai \ohng-gh, lah raigl nwahr ai coort.) 
The yellow ruler is long, the black ruler is short. 

Le crayon noir est-il long ? (L" cr ay ohng nwahr et-il 
\ohng?) Is the black pencil long? Le crayon noir 



— 18 — 

est-il court? (L" crayohn^ nwahr et-il coor ?) Is the 
black pencil short ? Le crayon rouge est-il court ? (L" 
crayoh?i# roozh et-il coor?) Is the red pencil short? 
La regie jaune est-elle courte? (Lah raigl zhone et-el 
coort ?) Is the yellow ruler short ? Le crayon noir 
est-il long ou court? (L" cr&yohng nwahr et-il \ohng 
oo coor ?) Is the black pencil long or short ? 



TROISIEME LE£ON. 

Trwahz-yaim L"ssoh?i#. Third Lesson. 

Un monsieur (ung m"ss-yo) a gentleman. 

Une dame (tin dam) a lady. 

Est-ce un monsieur? (Ess ung m"ss-yo?) Is this a gentleman? 

Est-ce une dame? (Ess tin dam?) Is this a lady? 

C'est Monsieur Berlitz; c'est Madame Berlitz; 

( Sai M"ss-yo Bairlitz ; sai Mad-dam Bairlitz ; ) 

This is Mr. Berlitz; this is Mrs. Berlitz; 

C'est Mademoiselle Berlitz. 
(Sai Mad-mwah-zell Bairlitz.) 
This is Miss Berlitz. 

Qui (kee) who. 

Qui est ce monsieur ? (Kee ai s" M"ss-yo ?) Who 
is this gentleman? C'est Monsieur Berlitz. (Sai 
M"ss-yo Bairlitz.) It is Mr. Berlitz. Qui est cette 
dame 1 ? (Kee ai set dam ?) Who is this lady ? C'est 
Madame Berlitz. (Sai Mad-dam Bairlitz.) It is Mrs. 
Berlitz. Qui est cette demoiselle ? (Kee ai set dmwah- 
zell?) Who is this young lady? C'est Mademoiselle 

i For the difference between ce and cette see Remark 10, at the 
end of the lesson. 



— 19 — 

Berlitz. (Sai Mad-mwah-zell Bairlitz.) It is Miss 
Berlitz. 

Est-ce Monsieur ? Oui, c'est Monsieur 

(Ess M"ss-y<5 ? Wee, sai M"ss-yo ) 



Is this Mr ? Yes, that is Mr. 



Non, ce n'est pas M. 
(Nohw#, s'nai pah M. 
No, that is not Mr. 



Est-ce Madame ? Oui, c'est Mme 

(Ess Mad-dam ? Wee, sai Mad-dam ) 

Is this Mrs ? Yes, that is Mrs 



Non, ce n'est pas Mme 

(Nohn#, s'nai pah Mad-dam.] 
No, that is not Mrs 



Cette dame est Madame Leroux. 

(Set dam ai Mad-dam Leroux [L"roo].) 

That lady is Mrs. Leroux. 

Vous etes (vooz-ait) You are 

Je suis (sh" swee) I am 

Qui suis-je? Vous etes M 

(Kee swee-zh"? Vooz-ait M ) 

Who am I ? You are Mr 

Qui etes-vous ? Je suis M 

( Kee ait voo ? Zh" swee M ) 

Who are you? I am Mr 

Qui est cette dame ? 0'est Mme 

(Kee ai set dam? Sai Mme ) 

Who is this lady? It is Mrs 

Qui est Monsieur Berlitz? C'est vous. 

(Kee ai M"ss-yo Bairlitz? Sai voo.) 

Who is Mr. Berlitz? It is you. 

Qui est Mademoiselle Beaumont? C'est moi. 

(Kee ai Mad-mwah-zell Boh-mow^f Sai mwah.) 

Who is Miss Beaumont? It is I. (Literally: it is me. 



— 20 — 



Remark 9: Moi (mwah) me has to be used for I 
(je) when the verb does not follow. 



Suis-je M ? Oui, vous etes M. 

( Swee-zh" M ? Wee, vooz-ait M. . 

Am I Mr ? Yes, you are Mr. 



Non, vous n'etes pas M. . 
(Nohwtjr, voo nait pah M. 
No, you are not Mr 



Etes-vous M ? Oui, je suis M. . . 

(Ait voo M ? Wee, zh" swee M. 

Are you Mr ? Yes, I am Mr 



Non, je ne suis pas M 

(Nohw<7, zh" n"swee pah M. 
No, I am not Mr 



Sur, sons, dans; oil 
(Stir, soo, dialing; oo) 
On, under, in ; where 

Le livre est sur la table. (L" leevr ai siir lah tahbl.) 
The book is on the table. La boite est sous la table. 
(Lah bwaht ai soo lah tahbl.) The box is under the 
table. La plume est dans la boite. (Lah plum ai 
dahng lah bwaht.) The pen is in the box. Ou est le 
livre? (Oo ai 1" leevr?) Where is the book? Sur 
la table. (Siir lah tabhl.) , On the table. 

Devant, derriere ; — moi, vous. 

(T)"vahng, dair-yair; — mwah, voo.) 

In front of, behind ; — me, you. 

La porte est devant moi. (Lah porht ai d" valine 
mwah.) The door is in front of me. La fenetre est 



— 21 — 

derriere moi. (Lah f"naitr ai dair-yair mwah.) Tbe 
window is behind me. La table est devant vous. (Lah 
tahbl ai d"vahn<7 voo.) The table is in front of you. 
Le mur est derriere vous. (L" miir ai dair-yair voo.) 
The wall is behind you. 

Ou est la porte? (Oo ai lah porrt?) Where is the 
door? Devant vous. (D'Vahngr voo.) In front of 
you. Oii est la fenetre ? (Oo ai lah f'naitr ?) Where 
is the window? Derriere moi. (Dair-yair mwah.) 
Behind me. 



Qui etes-vous? 
(Kee ait voo? 
Who are you? 
Ou §tes-vous? 
(Oo ait voo? 



Je suis Monsieur Coligny. 
Zh" swee M"ss-yo Kolin-yee.) 
I am Mr. Coligny. 
Devant la table. 
D"vahng lah tahbl.) 



Where are you? In front of the table. 
Mais (mai) — but. 

La table n'est pas devant vous, mais derriere vous. 
(Lah tahbl nai pah d"vahw<7 voo, mai dair-yair voo.) 
The table is not in front of you, but behind you. 

— ci (see), here; — la (lah), there. 



Masc. 



Fern. 



Ce livre-ci. 
(S" leevr see.) 
This book (here) 
Cette boite-ci. 
(Set bwaht see.) 
This box (here). 



Ce livre la. 
(S" leevr lah.) 
That book ( there ) 
Cette boite-la. 
(Set bwaht lah.) 
That box (there). 



Remark 10: Ce precedes masculine nouns beginning 
with a consonant; cet stands before masculines begin- 
ning with a vowel or silent h ; cette precedes feminine 
nouns. Examples : ce monsieur, cet enfant, cette dame 
(this gentleman, this child, this lady). 



— 22 — 

When you merely point to an object, you use ce 
(cet or cette) for this or that; but if you wish to ex- 
press by this that an object is near you, by that that 
it is not near you, ci (here) must be affixed to the noun 
in the former case, la (there) in the latter case. 

Quel est ce crayon-ci? Quelle est cette boite-ci? 

(Kel-ai s" crayohwy-see ? ) (Kel ai set bwaht-see?) 

Which is this pencil? Which box is this? 

C'est le crayon rouge. C'est la grande boite. 

(Sai 1" crayohwgr roozh.) (Sai lah grahw^-d bwaht.) 

That is the red pencil. This is the large box. 

Quel est ce crayon-la? Quelle est cette bolte-la? 

(Kel-ai s" crayohw^-lah ? ) (Kel ai set bwaht-lah?) 

Which pencil is that? Which box is that? 

C'est le crayon noir. C'est la petite boite. 

(Sai 1" crayolm# nwahr.) (Sai lah p"tit bwaht.) 

That is the black pencil. That is the small box. 



QUATRIEME LE£ON. 

Kat-ree-aim L"ssohn#. Fourth Lesson. 

Remark 11: In French there are different forms of 
the verb for the different subjects. Learn them thor- 
oughly. 

Prendre (prahruj-dr), to take. Je prends (zh" 
prahn<7), I take; vous prenez (voo pr"nay), you take; 
il, elle prend (il, el pralmg), he, she takes. 

Mettre (mettr), to put. Je mets (zh"mai), I put; 
vous mettez (voo mettay), you put; il, elle met (il, el 
mai), he, she puts. 



— 23 — 

Ouvrir (oov-reer), to open. J'ouvre (zhoovr), I 
open; vous ouvrez (vbozoov-ray), you open; il, elle 
ouvre (il, el oovr), he, she opens. 

Fermer (fairrmay), to close. Je ferine (zh" 
fairrm), I close ; vous fermez (voo fairrmay), you close; 
il, elle ferme (il, el fairrm), he, she closes. 

Aller (allay), to go. Je vais (zh" vai), I go; vous 
allez (voozallay), you go; il, elle va (il, el vah), he, 
she goes. 

Venir (v"neer), to come. Je viens (zh" v'yain#), 
I come; vous venez (voo v"nay), you come; il, elle 
vient (il, el v'yai?i#), he, she comes. 

Faire (fair), to do or to make. Je fais (zh" fai), I 
do; vous faites (voo fet), you do; il, elle fait (il, el 
fai), he, she does. 

Remark 12: In French you can never use forms like 
" I do open," or " I am opening " ; you must use the 
simple form "I open." The same with any other 
verh. 

Qu'est-ce que je fais (kess k" zh"fai), or: que fais-je 
(k" fai-zh") ? What am I doing? (What do I do?)' 

Que faites vous? (k" fett-voo), or: qu'est-ce que vous 
faites? (kess k"voo fett) ? What are you doing? 
(What do you do?) 

Que fait-il? (k" fett-il), or: qu'est-ce qu'il fait? 
(kess-kil-fay) ? What is he doing? (What does he 
do?) 

(There is no difference in meaning between the above 
two ways of forming the French question.) 



— 24 — 

Remark 13: Notice in the following examples how 
different the French questions are from the English. 

English: Do I close the door? (Am I closing the door?) 

French: Est-ce que je ferme la porte? 

Pronunciation: Ess k" zh" fairrm lah porrt? 

Literally: Is it that I close the door? 

Do I go to the window? (Am I going to the window?) 
Est-ce que je vais vers la fenetre? 
(Ess k" zh" vai vair lah f'naitr?) 
Is it that I go to the window? 

Do you close the door? (Are you closing the door?) 
Fermez-vous la porte? (or) Est-ce que vous fermez la porte? 
( Fairrmay voo lah porrt ? ) ( or ) ( Ess k" voo f airrmay la porrt ? ) 
Close you the door? Is it that you close the door? 

Do you go to the window? (Are you going to the window?) 
Allez-vous vers la fen§tre? (or) Est-ce que vous allez vers la 

fenetre ? 
( Allay- voo vair lah f'naitr ? ) ( Ess k" vooz-allay vair lah f'naitr ? ) 
Go you toward the window ? Is it that you go toward the window ? 

Does he close the door? (Is he closing the door?) 
Ferme-t-il la porte (or) Est-ce qu'il ferme la porte? 
(Fairrm-til lah porrt?) (or) (Ess kil fairrm lah porrt?) 
Closes he the door? Is it that he closes the door? 

Does she go to the window? (Is she going to the window?) 
Va-t-elle vers la fenetre? (or) Est-ce qu'elle va vers la fen§tre? 
(Vat-tel vair la f'naitr?) (or) (Ess kel vah vair lah f'naitr?) 
Goes she to the window? Is it that she goes to the window? 

Does Mr. Gros take the book? (Is Mr. Gros taking the book?) 
Monsieur Gros prend-il le livre? (or) Est-ce que Monsieur Gros 

prend le livre? 
(M"ss-yo Groh prahwy-til 1" leevr?) (Ess K" M"ss-yo Groh 

prahwpr 1" leevr?) 
Mr. Gros takes he the book? Is it that Mr. Gros takes the book? 



— 25 — 

Is Mr. Gros going to the window? (Does Mr. Gros go to the 

window ? ) 
Monsieur Gros va-t-il vers la fenetre? (or) Est-ce que Monsieur 

Gros va vers la fenetre? 
(M"ss-yo Groh vat-til vair lah f'naitr?) (Ess-k" M"ss-yo Groh 

vah vair lah f'naitr?) 
Mr. Gros goes he toward the window? Is it that Mr. Gros goes 

to the window? 

You will notice by the above that for the first person 
the question has only one construction (the one be- 
ginning with "Est-ce que") but for the other persons 
there are two constructions. 



PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSLATION OF THE 
FRENCH TEXT, Page 19, 20: 

L" pro-fess-soer pralm# 1" leevr. The teacher takes 
the book. L" pro-fess-soer mai 1" leevr siir lah shaiz. 
The teacher puts the book on the chair. 

L" pro-fess-soer prahw#-t-il 1" leevr? Does the 
teacher take the book ? Wee, il prahn# 1" leevr. Yes, 
he takes the book. 'Nohiig, il n" prahw# pah 1" leevr. 1 
No, he does not take the book. K" prahn^-t-il ? What 
does he take? L" pro-fess-soer met-il lah bwaht siir 
lah tahbl ? Does the teacher put the box on the table ? 
Wee, il mai lah bwaht siir lah tahbl. Yes, he puts the 
box on the table. Nohng, il ne mai pah lah bwaht siir 
lah tahbl. No, he does not put the box on the table. L" 
pro-fess-soer oovr-til 1" leevr ? Does the teacher open the 

i Compare with Remark 2 for the form of the negation. 



— 26 — 

book ? Wee, il oovr 1" leevr. Yes, he opens the book. 
'Nohngj il noovr pah I" leevr. No, he does not open the 
book. Oovr-til lah port ? Does he open the door ? 
Wee, il oovre laii porrt ? Yes, he opens the door. 
'Nohng, il noovr pah lah porrt. No, he does not open the 
door. Fairrm-til lah porrt ? Does he close the door ? 
Wee, il fairrm lah porrt. Yes, he closes the door. 
K" fai 1" pro-f ess-soer ? What does the teacher do? 
II pralmgr 1" leevr. He takes the book. II mai lah 
bwaht siir lah shaiz. He puts the box on the chair. 
Il-oovr lah porrt. He opens the door, etc. 

L" pro-fess-soer vah vair lah f'naitr. The teacher 
goes toward the window. II xWaing vair voo. He 
comes toward yon. L" pro-fess-soer vat-il vair lah 
porrt ? Does the teacher go toward the door ? Wee, il 
vah vair lah porrt. Yes, he goes toward the door. 
'Nohng, il n" vah pah vair lah porrt. No, he does not 
go toward the door. Oo vat-il? Where does he go? 
II vah vair lah f'naitr. He goes toward the window. 
L" pro-fess-soer v'yai?i^-til d"vah^ voo? Does the 
teacher come in front of yon ? Wee, il v'yain^ &"vahng 
mwah. Yes, he comes in front of me. 'Nohng, il -n" 
v'yain^ pah d'Wahng mwah. No, he does not come in 
front of me. 

Zh" swee 1" pro-fess-soer. I am the teacher. Zh" 
-prahng 1" leevr. I take the book. Pr"nay 1" leevr. 
Take the book. Voo pr"nay 1" leevr. Yon take the 
book. Zh" mai 1" leevr siir lah shaiz. I put the book 
on the chair. Mad-dmwah-zell, mettay 1" leevr siir lah 
tahbl. Miss, put the book on the table. Voo mettay 1" 
leevr siir lah tahbl. You put the book on the table. . 



— 27 — 

Pr"nay-voo 1" leevr ? Do you take the book ? Wee, 
zh" prah?i# 1" leevr. Yes, I take the book. Nohft£, 
zh" n" pralmgr pah 1" leevr. No, I do not take the 
book. Ess k" zh" prah?i# lah bwaht ? Do I take the 
box ? Wee, voo pr"nay lah bwaht. Yes, you take the 
box. Noh?i<7, voo n" pr"nay pah lah bwaht. No, you 
do not take the box. Mettay-voo 1" leevr siir lah shaiz ? 
Do you put the book on the chair ? Wee, zh"mai 1" leevr 
siir lah shaiz. Yes, I put the book on the chair. 
doling, zh" n" mai pah 1" leevr siir lah shaiz. No, I 
do not put the book on the chair. . . . etc., etc. 

Remark 1J^: Le, la, besides being the definite article 
(the), are also the personal pronouns in the objective 
case (him, her, it) ; le, as before said, referring to mas- 
culine nouns, la to feminine. Notice the positions of 
such pronouns, i.e., the pronoun stands before the verb. 

Prenez-vous le livre? Oui, je le prends. 
(Pr"nay-voo 1" leevr? Wee, zh"-l prahngr.) 
Do you take the book? Yes, I take it. 

Prenez-vous la boite? Oui, je la prends. 
(Pr"nay-voo lah bwaht? Wee, zh" lah prahw^r.) 
Do you take the box? Yes, I take it. 

Prenez-vous le chapeau? Non, je ne le prends pas. 
(Pr"nay-voo 1" shah-poh? Nolmy, zh"-n 1" prahn# pah.) 
Do you take the hat? No, I do not take it. 

Le professeur ouvre-t-il la fenetre? Oui, il l'ouvre. 
(L" pro-fess-soer oovr-t-il lah f'naitr? Wee, il l'oovr.) 
Does the teacher open the window? Yes, he opens it. 

Fermez-vous la porte? Non, je ne la ferme pas. 

( Fairrmay-voo lah porrt? Nohngr, zh" n" lah fairrm pah.) 

Do you close the door ? No, I do not close it. 



— 28 — 



Remark 15: Before a verb beginning with a vowel 
the pronouns le, la are apostrophized into V, as: "Je 
l'ouvre" — I it take — I take it. 



cinqi£me LEiJON. 

Saitt#-k-yaim L"ssohn#. Fifth Lesson. 
Les nombres (Lai nohn#-br). Numbers. 



Pronunciation of numbers. 



zairoh 


15 


k&ing-z 


51 aaing-kahng-tai-ung 


1 nng, tin i 


16 


saiz 


52 sain<7-kalm(7-t-d6 


2 do 


17 


diss-set 


60 swahssahwgr-t 


3 trwah 


18 


deez-wit 


61 swahssahng-tai-un-gr 


4 katr 


19 


diss-noef 


70 swahssarm<jr-t-diss 


5 sain<7-k 


20 


vainer 


71 swahssahwgr-tai-ow^r-z 


6 siss 


21 


vaiw5r-tai-un<7 


72 swahssahw(7-t-dooz 


7 set 


22 


vaiwgr-t-do 


80 katr"vaiw<jr 


8 wit 


30 


trading -t 


81 katr"vaiwr7-uw<7 


9 noef 


31 


traling-ta.i-ung 


90 katr"vaiw<7-diss 


10 diss 


32 


trahw</-t-do 


91 katr"vain#-ohn3r-z 


11 6hng-z 


40 


karralm^r-t 


100 sahng 


12 dooz 


41 


karrahng-tai-ung 


500 saing sahng 


13 traiz 


42 


karrarmp-t-do 


1000 mil 


14 kattorz 


50 


saing-kahng-t 





Remark 16: As above indicated, the final consonants 
in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are pronounced when the number is not 
followed by another word, if however it is followed by 
a word beginning with a consonant the final consonant 
of the number is not pronounced, as 5 chaises — saing 
chaiz, 6 tables — see tahbl, 7 crayons — sai crayolmgr, 

J un (ung) refers to masculine and une (tin) to feminine nouns. 



— 29 — 

8 plumes — wee plum, 9 chapeaux — no shah-poh, 
10 boites — dee bwaht. 

Remark 17: In vingt the t is not pronounced, but 
from 21 to 29 it is pronounced; in quatre-vingts (80) 
etc., it is not pronounced. In French you do not say 
seventy, seventy-one, seventy-two, etc., but sixty ten, 
sixty eleven, sixty twelve, etc. ; you do not say eighty, 
eighty-one, eighty-two, etc., but four twenties, four 
twenties one, four twenties two, etc. ; you do not say 
ninety, ninety-one, ninety-two, etc., but four twenties 
ten, four twenties eleven, four twenties twelve, etc. 

Compter (kohng-tsij) - to count. S'il vous plait (sil 
voo plai) if you please. Combien (kohng-h-yaing). 
how much, how many. Y a-t-il (ee-at-il) is there? 
are there? Ilya (il-ee-ah) there is, there are. Com- 
bien de livres y a-t-il sur la table ? (Kohng-h-jSiing d" 
leevr ee-at-il sur lah tahbl). How many books are 
there on the table? Ilya quatre livres (il-ee-ah katr 
leevr). There are four books. Combien de chaises y t 
a-t-il ici? (kohng-h-yaing d" shaiz ee-at-il issee). 
How many chairs are here ? Ilya six chaises (il-ee-ah 
see shaiz) . There are six chairs. Combien de f enetres 
y a-t-il ici ? (Kohng-h-yaing d' f'naitr ee-at-il issee) ? \ 
How many windows are here? Ilya deux f enetres. 
(il-ee-ah do f'naitr.) There are two windows. 

Remark 18: Nouns and adjectives assume in the 
plural an s. Those ending in s, x, z, remain as they 
are; those ending in eau, nouns in eu, and a few in 
on, take x instead of s; most of the nouns and adjec- 
tives ending in al change this ending into aux. 



— 30 — 



The plural in French affects not only nouns, but 
also articles, adjectives and pronouns. 

The s and x used to pluralize are not pronounced un- 
less the next word begins with a vowel (or mute h) 
in which case the s or x is pronounced over to the next 
word with the sound of z. In the spoken language the 
difference between singular and plural is therefore 
often indicated only by a changed pronunciation of the 
articles or other determinatives rather than that of 
the noun. 



Singular. 
Le livre rouge. 
L" leevr roozh. 
The red book. 
La chaise brune. 
Lah shaiz briin. 
The brown chair. 
Le jeu. 
L" zho. 
The play. 

Mon grand chapeau. 
Mong grahng shah-poh. 
My large hat. 
Le general. 
L" zhay-nay-rahl. 
The general. 
Le cheval. 
L" sh'Val. 
The horse. 
Le journal. 
L" zhoornal. 
The newspaper. 
Ce tableau noir. 
S" tab-loh nwahr. 
This black blackboard. 



Plural. 
Les livres rouges. 
Lai leevr roozh. 
The red books. 
Les chaises brunes. 
Lai shaiz briin. 
The brown chairs. 
Les jeux. 
Lai zho. 
The plays. 

Mes grands chapeaux. 
Mai grahn<7 shah-poh. 
My large hats. 
Les generaux. 
Lai zhay-nay-roh. 
The generals. 
Les chevaux. 
Lai sh"voh. 
The horses. 
Les journaux. 
Lai zhoornoh. 
The newspapers. 
Ces tableaux noirs. 
Sai tab-loh nwahr. 
These black blackboards. 



Remark 19: You cannot say in French: " How 



— 31 — 

many books, how many chairs, how many pencils " ; 
but must say : " How many of books — combien de 
livres ; how many of chairs — combien de chaises ; 
how many of pencils — combien de crayons. 

Remark 20: Combien may be separated from de, 
by putting the verb and subject between. Ex: Com- 
bien y a-t-il de chaises dans cette chambre ? Literally : 
How many are there of chairs in this room ? Combien 
prenez-vous de crayons? Literally: How many take 
you of pencils ? 

Nous sommes (noo summ), we are; ils, elles sont (il, 
el sohn^), they are; sont-ils (sohn^-til), are they. 

The student must be very careful to use for each 
grammatical person its specific form of the verb. 

Remark 21: Ils is the masculine form for they; 
elles is the feminine form. 

Unless the next word begins with a vowel the s of 
ils, elles, is not pronounced ; the pronunciation of these 
words is, in such case, the same as that of il, elle. 

Une main, la main droite, la main gauche, les deux mains, 
tin msiing, lah mamgr drwaht, lah maino/ gohsh, lai do maiwgr. 
One hand, the right hand, the left hand, the two hands. 

Un bras, le bras droit, le bras gauche, les deux bras. 
Ung brah, 1" brah drwah, 1" brah gohsh, lai do brah. 
One arm, the right arm, the left arm, the two arms. 

Un pied, le pied droit, le pied gauche, les deux pieds. 
JJng p-yay, 1" p-yay drwah, 1" p-yay gohsh, lai do p-yay. 
One foot, the right foot, the left foot, the two feet. 

Un ceil, les deux yeux. Une oreille, les deux oreilles. 
Ung oy, lai doz yo. tin orai-ye, lai doz orai-ye. 
One eye, the two eyes. One ear, the two ears. 



— 32 — 

La tete, les cheveux, un doigt, les dix doigts. 
Lah tait, lai sh"vo, ung dwah, lai dee dwah. 
The head, the hair, one finger, the ten fingers. 

C'est le livre. C'est la boite. 
Sai 1" leevr. Sai lah bwaht. 
This is the book. This is the box. 

Ce sont les livres. Ce sont les boites. 
S" sohng lai leevr. S" sohng lai bwaht. 
These are the books. These are the boxes. 

C'est un livre. C'est une boile. 
Sait-uw<7 leevr. Sait-un bwaht. 
This is a book. This is a box. 

Ce sont des livres. Ce sont des boites. 
S" sohng dai leevr. S" sohng dai bwaht. 
These are books. These are boxes. 

Remark 22: Notice that in the expressions " C'est, 
ce sont " the pronoun ce is used as subject of a verb 
either singular or plural ; in other phrases the plural of 
ce is ces. 

Remark 23: The articles, a, an, are in French the 
same word as the number one. 

Remark 21+: In French the word " des " (dai) must 
always be used when you speak of an indefinite number, 
the noun can never stand alone : e.g. : These are books 
— Ce sont des livres. Sometimes the word " des " may 
be translated by " some." 

De quelle couleur est ce livre? II est rouge. 
(D" kel kooloer ai s" leevr? Il-ai roozh.) 

Of what colour is this book? It is red. 

De quelle couleur sont ces livres? lis sont rouges. 
(D" kel kooloer sohng sai leevr? II sohng roozh.) 
Of what colour are these books? They are red. 



— 33 — 

De quelle couleur est cette chaise? Elle est jaune. 
(D" kel kooloer ai set shaiz? El ai zhone.) 

Of what colour is this chair? It is yellow. 

De quelle couleur sont ces chaises? Eljes sont jaunes. 
(D" kel kooloer sohng sai shaiz? El soling zhone.)" 

Of what colour are these chairs? They are yellow. 

De quelle couleur sont ces livres-ci? 
(D" kel kooloer sohwtjr gai leevr-see? 
Of what colour are these books here? 

L'un est rouge, l'autre est noir. 
Lung ai roozh, lohtr ai nwahr.) 
One is red, the other is black. 

Qui est ce monsieur? C'est Monsieur Favre. 

(Kee ai s" m"ss-yo? Sai M"ss-yo Fahvr.) 

Who is this gentleman? It is Mr. Favre. 

Qui sont ces messieurs? 
(Kee sohng sai mess-yo?) 
Who are these gentlemen? 

Ce sont Messieurs Favre et Larousse. 
(S" sohng Mess-yo Fahvre ai Lahrooss.) 
They are Messrs. Favre and Larousse. 

Qui est cette dame? C'est Madame Aubert. 

(Kee ai set dam? Sai Mad-dam Ohbair.) 

Who is this lady? It is Mrs. Aubert. 

Qui sont ces dames? Ce sont Mesdames Aubert et Carre\ 

(Kee sohng sai dam? S" sohng Mai-dam Ohbair ai Kah-rai. 
Who are these ladies? They are Mrs. Aubert and Carre. 

.Qui est cette demoiselle? C'est Mademoiselle Duval. 
(Kee ai set d"mwah-zell? Sai Mad"mwah-zell Duval.) 
Who is this young lady? It is Miss Duval. 

Qui sont ces demoiselles? 
(Kee sohnsr sai d"mwah-zell? 
Who are these young ladies? 



— 34 — 

Ce sont Mesdemoiselles Duval et Cognard. 
(S" sohng Maid-mwah-zell Diival ay Conyar.) 
They are Misses Duval and Cognard. 



Mademoiselle, etes-vous franchise? 
( Mad"mwah-zell, et-voo fraw^-saiz? 
Miss, are you French? 

Mesdemoiselles, etes-vous franchises? 
( Med"mwah-zell, et-voo f ran#saiz ? 
Young ladies, are you French? 

Oui, nous sommes franchises. 
Wee, noo sum fraw<jr-saiz. ) 
Yes, we are French. 



Oui, je suis francaise. 
Wee, zh" swee fraw^-saiz.) 
Yes, I am French. 



SIXIEME LE£ON. 

Siz-yaim L"ssoh?i^. Sixth Lesson. 

Ecrire (eckreer) to write. 

J'ecris (zheckree), vous ecrivez (vooz-eckreevay), il 
ecrit (ill-eckree). I write, you write, he writes. 

Lire (leer), to read. 

Je lis (zh" lee), vous lisez (voo leezay), il lit (il lee). 
I read, you read, he reads. 

L'alphabet (lal-fah-bay), A (ah), B (bay), C (say), 
D (day), E (ay), F (eff), G (zhay), H (ash), I (ee), 
J (zhe), K (kah), L (el), M (em), Is T (en), O (oh), 
P (pay), Q (kli), R (err), S (ess), T (tay), U (il),- 
Y (vay), W (doobl-vay), X (eeks), Y (eegreck), Z 
(zed). 

Le mot (F'moh) the word; la lettre (lah let"r) ; la 
phrase (lah frahz), the sentence. Yoici (vwah-see), 



— 35 — 

here is, here are; voila (vwah-lah), there is, there are; 
la syllabe (lah sillahb), the syllable. 

Anglais (ahn^-glai), English; allemand (al-mahng), 
German; francais (fran^r-sai), French; espagnol (es- 
panol), Spanish; italien (ittal-yain^), Italian. For 
the feminine an e must be added, as: angiaise (ahng- 
glaize), allemande (al-mahn^-d), francaise (fralmgr* 
saiz), italienne (ittal-yen). 

" On " (ohng) is a pronoun not existing in English ; it 
refers to anybody and may be translated sometimes by 
they, you, we or one. 

Prononcer (proh-non^r-say), to pronounce; comment 
(kum-mahn#) how; prononciation (proh-nohwg-s'yass- 
yohng). 

Paris = Parree; Berlin = Bairlaingr; Keims = 
Rain^-ss ; Rouen = Rooahwg; Lyon =s= Lee-ohn^. 

Commencer (kum-mahn^-say) ; je commence, zh" 
kum-mahn^-ss ; il commence, il kum-malmgr-ss ; vous 
commencez, voo kum-mahn^-say. 

Finir (finneer), to end; je finis, zh" finnee; il finit, 
il finnee; vous finissez, voo finnissay. Par (parr), by, 
with. 

Le premier (1" pr"m-yay), the first; le deuxieme 
(doz-yaim), the second; le troisieme (trwahz-yaim), the 
third ; le quatrieme (kat-ree-aim) the fourth ; etc. 

The other ordinal numbers are also formed by add- 
ing the ending ieme (pronounce yaim) to the cardinal 
numbers, as: cinquieme (sain^-k-yaim), sixieme (siss- 
yaim) etc. There is no difference between masculine 
and feminine, except : le premier, la premiere (1" pr"m- 
yay, lah pr"m-yair). 



— 36 — 

La voyelle (lah vwah-yell), the vowel; la consonne 
(lah koh^-sun), the consonant, la page (lah pazh), the 
page. 

Avant, av-vahng — before (contrary of after) ; de- 
vant, d'vahng — before (contrary of behind) ; apres, 
apprai — behind ; entre, ahti^-tr — between. 

La question (lah kest-yolmg), the question; la re- 
ponse (lah reppohn#-ss), the answer. 

Repondre (reppohn^r-dr), to answ T er; je reponds (zh" 
reppohwg) ; il repond (il reppohng) ; vous repondez 
(voo reppolmg-day). 

Je fais une question (zh" faiz-iin kest-yohng). I 
ask (literally : I make) a question. 

Remark 25: In French you must say: I answer 
to a person, to a question, to & letter, etc. — je reponds 
a (ah) monsieur, a une question, a une lettre. The 
same with ash; je fais une question a monsieur, etc. I 
ask a question to the gentleman (not of as in English). 



SEPTIEME LEgON. ' 

Set-yaim L"ssohn#. Seventh Lesson. 

Avoir (av-vwahr) to have. J'ai (zhay), I have; 
vous avez (vooz-away), you have; il a (il-ah), he has; 
nous avons (nooz-avvon#), we have: ils ont (ilz-ohn#), 
they have; ai-je (aizh), have I? avez-vous (awayhvoo), 
have you? a-t-il (at-il) has he; avons-nous (avvoh?i^r- 
noo), have we; ont ils (ohng-til), have they? 



— 37 — 

Remark 26: Be careful not to confound il a with 
il y a; the former means he is, the latter, there is. 

Remark 27: Not a, not any is " pas de " (pah-d"). 
Je n'ai pas de chapeau — I have no hat (I have not 
any hat). When in English a noun has no article or 
similar determinative, des is used in French, as: des 
livres = books = some books = a few books. 

Masc. sing. : mon livre {vaohng leevr) my book; votre 
chapeau, (votr shap-poh) your hat; son mouchoir 
(sohn# moosh-wahr) his handkerchief; notre banc (notr 
bahwg) our bench; leur professeur (loer pro-fess-scer) 
their teacher. 

Fem. sing. : ma cravate (mah krav-att) my tie ; votre 
jaquette (votr zhak-ett) your jacket; sa robe (sah rubb) 
her dress; notre classe (notr klahss) our class; leur 
maison (loer mai-zotmg) their house. 

Both genders, plural : mes gants (mai gahng) my 
gloves; vos bottines (voh butteen) your shoes; ses 
manchettes (sai malmg-shet) their cuffs; nos legons 
(noh l"ssofm<7) our lessons; leurs robes (loer rubb) 
their dresses. 

Remark 28: The possessive case of nouns is ex- 
pressed by de (d"). Le chapeau de Monsieur X — 
the hat of Mr. X — Mr. X's hat. 

Remark 29: When the definite article le would 
stand after de the two words must be contracted into du 
(dii), and if the article les would be after de they must 
be contracted into des (dai). Examples : Le chapeau du 



— 38 — 

professeur — The hat of the teacher — the teacher's hat. 
Les livres des professeurs — the books of the teachers — 
the teachers' books. La robe de la 1 dame — the dress 
of the lady — the lady's dress. Les robes des dames — 
the dresses of the ladies — the ladies' dresses. 

Remark 30: When nous is subject of verb, the latter 
must end in ons; the third person plural of verbs gen- 
erally ends in ent, which is never pronounced. 

Nous prenons, we take lis prennent, they take 

(noo pr"nohn(7) (il prenn) 

Nous mettons, we put lis mettent, they put 

(noo met-tohwgr) -, (il mett) 

Nous ouvrons, we open lis ouvrent, they open 

( nooz-oovrohwy ) ( ilz-oovr ) 

Nous fermons, we close lis ferment, they close 

(noo fairmohn<7) (il fairm) 

Nous allons, we go lis vont, they go 

(nooz allohw$r) (il vohng) 

Nous venons, we come lis viennent, they come 

(noo v"nohw<7) (il v-yen) 

Nous lisons, we read lis lisent, they read 

(noo leezohwg) (il leez) 

Nous ecrivons, we write lis ecrivent, they write 

(nooz ekreevohwt?) (ilz-ekreev) 

Nous faisons, we do lis font, they do. 

(noo f"zolm<7) (il iohng) 

Je vais au theatre (zh" vaiz-oh tai-ah-tr) I go to the 
theatre. M. Jourdain va a l'eglise (M"ss-yo Zhoor- 
dain<7 vah ah l'eggleez) Mr. Jourdain goes to church. 
Jeanne et Paul vont a l'ecole (Zhahn ai Pol vohn^-t-ah 
l'eckoll). Jane and Paul go to school. 

Remark 31: To is generally translated by a; this 
i la is not contracted with de. 



— 39 — 

word, when it would stand before the article le, coal- 
esces with it and forms au (oh). When the plural les 
would be used a also coalesces with it and forms aux 
(oh). Examples : au monsieur — to the gentleman, a 
la dame ! — to the lady, aux messieurs, aux dames — to 
the gentlemen, to the ladies. 



HUITI6ME LE50N. 

Wit-yaim L"ssoh?i<7. Eighth Lesson. 

Plus (plii) more; moins (mwamg) less, fewer; au- 
tant (oh-talmg) as much as, as many as; que (k") 
than, as; beaucoup (bohkoo) many, much; peu (po) 
little, few. 

Remark 32: After " much, many, as many, more, 
few, fewer, less," the word " de " (d" — of) must be 
used. 

Vous avez un crayon; moi, j'ai trois crayons. J'ai 
plus de crayons que vous. You have a pencil ; I have 
three pencils. I have more pencils than you. 

When the pronoun I is emphasized in English it 
must be translated by using both pronouns mot, je, as in 
the preceding sentence. 

Une boite de plumes (iin bwaht d" plum) a box of 
pens. 

Une plume (iin plum) a pen. 

Des plumes (dai plum) [some] pens. 

Les plumes (lai pliim) the pens. 

1 la does not contract with a 



— 40 — 

Une boite d' allumettes (iin bwaht daliimett) a box of 
matches. 

Une allumette (iin al-iimett) a match. 

Des allumettes (daiz-al-iimett) [some] matches. 

Les allumettes (laiz-al-umett) the matches. 

II y a des livres sur la table et il y a des livres sur les 
chaises. Il-ee-ah dai leevr siir lah tahbl ay il-ee-ah dai 
leevr siir lai shaiz. There are (some) books on the 
table and there are (some) books on the chairs. 

L'un et T autre (lung ay lohtr) one and the other. 

Different (diffairahngr) different. 

Difference (diffair-ah^-ss) difference. 

La meme, the same (la meme, les memes; all pro- 
nounced maim). 

Remark 33: When the verb is not expressed / must 
be translated by moi, he by lui, they by eux (masc) or 
elles (fern) as:- Avez-vous le meme nombre de livres 
que moi ? (Avvai-voo 1" maim nombr d" leevr k" 
mwah?) Have you the same number of books as I? 
Avez vous plus d'argent que lui ? ( Awai-voo plii dar- 
zh.Bh.ng k" lwee ?) Have you more money than he ? 



NEUVIEME LE£ON. 

Nov-yaim L"ssoh?i^. Ninth Lesson. 

Je ne fais rien (zh" n" fai r-jsiing) I do nothing. 

Remark 3 1+: If a verb is used with rien it must be 
accompanied by the negation ne. Example: II n'y 
a rien (il nee-ah-r-yaiw#) there is nothing. Je n'ai rien 
(Zh" nai r-yaiw<7) I have nothing. II ne fait rien (il 
n" fai r-yain#) he does nothing. 



— 41 — 

Rien (r-yamc?) nothing. 
Quelque chose (kel-k" shohz) something. 
Personne (pair-sunn) nobody. 
Quelqu'un (kell-kuni?) somebody. 

Remark 35: The negative verb must be used with 
" personne." II n'y a personne. (il nee ah pair-sunn) 
there is nobody. 

La personne, une personne, des personnes, combien 
de personnes, mean : the person, a person, some persons, 
how many persons ; but personne all alone, or preceded 
by ne, means nobody. 

Y a-t-il quelqu'un derriere la table? (Ee at-til kel- 
kxrng dair-yair lah tahbl?) Is there anybody behind 
the table? Devant quoi etes-vous? (D"vahn# kwah 
et-voo?) In front of what are you? A cote de qui 
etes-vous? (Ah kohtai d" kee et-voo?) Beside whom 
are you ? Qui est a droite de Monsieur Duval ? (Kee 
et-ah drwaht d" M"ss-yo Duval?) Who is at the right 
of Mr. Duval ? Et qui est a, gauche de Monsieur Du- 
val ? (Ay kee et-ah gohsh d" m"ss-yo Duval ?) And 
who is at the left of Mr. Duval ? 

Remark 36: With prepositions quoi (kwah) is used 
for what and qui for whom, lui for him, elle for her, 
eux for them (masc), elles for them (fern). 

Entrer (ahw#-tray), to enter; j'entre (zahn^-tr) I 
enter, il or elle entre (il, el ahng-tv) he or she enters; 
nous entrons (nooz-ahng-trohng) we enter; vous entrez 
(vooz-almg-tray) you enter; ils entrent (ilz-ahn^r-tr), 
they enter. 

Sortir (sorrteer) to go out ; je sors (zh" sor) I go out ; 



— 42 — 

il sort (il sor) he goes out; nous sortons (noo sorrtolmg) 
we go out; vous sortez (voo sorrtay) you go out; ils 
sortent (il sorrt) they go out. 

S'asseoir (sasswahr), to seat oneself i.e. to sit down. 

Je m'assieds (zh" mass-yay) I seat myself, I sit 
down; vous vous asseyez (voo vooz-assai-yay) you seat 
yourself, you sit down; il s'assied (il sass-yay) he seats 
himself, he sits down; nous nous asseyons (noo nooz- 
assai-yohnp') we seat ourselves, we sit down; ils s'asse- 
yent (il sass-ay-ye) they seat themselves, they sit down. 

Se lever (s" l"vay) to raise oneself i.e. to rise. 

Je me leve (zh" m" laiv) I raise myself, I rise; vous 
vous levez (voo voo P'vay) you raise yourself, you rise; 
il se leve (il s" laiv) he raises himself, he rises; nous 
nous levons (noo noo l"volm<7) we raise ourselves, we 
rise ; ils se levent (il s" laiv), they raise themselves, they 
rise. 

Donner (dun-nay) to give; je donne (zh" dunn) I 
give; vous donnez (voo dun-nay) you give; il donne 
(il dunn) he gives; nous donnons (noo dun-nohn^) we 
give; ils donnent (il dunn) they give. 

Direct and indirect object: 

Me (m"), me or to me. 

Nous (noo), us or to us. 

Vous (voo), you or to you. 
Direct object: Indirect object: 

Le (1"), him or it. Lui (lwee), to him. 

La (lah), her or it. Lui (lwee), to her. 

Les (lai), them. Leur (leer), to them, 

Notice that the pronouns of the first and second per- 
sons have the same form for the direct as for the in- 
direct object, but the pronouns of the third persons have 
different forms for the direct and the indirect object. 



43 — 









(33 
© 

p3 



-5 

o 

9 « 
& | 

S3 

•f I 

15 



4f 



a a 



a 



o 

^ S -* 

.- - 13 J 



2 



i.;iis 



as* 

r> s 



3 * £ 

O « 

>> ft -£ 

S o H 

S § 8 



03 OJ 



°* O °« ft 

§^ §« Is 



o 


S 


c~ 


es. 




a 


-p 


O 


a « 


ft 




CO 
CO 


^ 


+3 


<u g 


0> 

5 


0) 


cs 


o 

o 

-P 


■P 




s 


ft 


> 
'So 


.6! -S 




o 


o 

B 

3 




+3 

o 
p. 




'Sc 




H-3 



O © O 0) o 

Q £ A ^ Q 



*2 



o o o ^ **' 



o5 c$ 



to „ co § 

- --. 2 w $ .O 

L^ ^ ^ *> O 



ft n 



o 

2 . ^ * 

-fi v a ft 

^ s 4 ^ a 



,5».a w> 



a -a 

^5 



.2 ft 



•a 



02 



.5 rt ft -P 

a a 
» i— i 2 

a . s M 

O a> © © 



a 

o . 

>> to 

eg eS 



~ a 
2% 



a "-=■ 
£ 2 









a x 



a •» 
o a 
^ 5 

*Sb % 

I 



ft a> 



'So § 

^ o 



a » a 



■"I 

02 



a ^ 
o 



o o 



.5 o 



3 § 






a 

£s^ " « 



>H O 



iz; ^ £ eh i* § 



'a ^ 
^ O 



«2 £ 

a '- 

S3 QJ 

2 a 



a o 
3 * 



co '~ H 
co 

* ft4§ 
co 

if O 

M ?s 

co <D cp oS 

ea -^ >» > 

& ^ >g 

a) a a M 
hJ O w 



<u a '7 1 

I « ce g * 

^ ^ a ^ S ft 

o a S -? ^ > 

co j 

m a <d <d a .-r M 

■^ ,o a a o a ,: 



— 44 — 

Remark 38: In a command (imperative), however, 
the place of the pronouns is after the verb ; moi must be 
used, not me; " le, la, les," precede all other pronouns 
in such case:. 

Donnez-moi le livre. Give me the book. 
Donnez-le-moi. Give it to me. 

Donnez-le-lui. Give it to him. 

But if the command be negative, the other order is 
retained : 

Ne me donnez pas le livre. Don't give me the book. 

Ne me le donnez pas. Do not give it to me. 

Ne le lui donnez pas. Do not give it to him. 

Parler (parrlay) to speak; Je parle (zh" parrl) I 
speak; il parle (il parrl) he speaks; vous parlez (voo 
parrlay) you speak; ils parlent (il parrl) they speak. 

Dire (deer) to say. Je dis (zh" dee), I say; il dit 
(il dee), he says; nous disons (noo deezolm^) we say; 
vous dites (voo deet), you say; ils disent (il deez), 
they say. 

Parler (Parrlay) : Dire (Deer) : 

Je vous parle. Je vous dis quelque chose. 

(Zh" voo parrl.) (Zh" voo dee kel k" shohz.) 
I speak to you. I say something to you. 

Vous me parlez. Vous me dites quelque chose. 

(Voo m" parrlay.) (Voo m" deet kel k" shohz.) 

You speak to me. You say something to me. 

Mon nom (mohng nolm^) my name. 
Ce qu' il y a (s" kil-ee-ah) that which there is =ss 
what there is. 



— 45 — 

DIXIEME LE50N. 

Deez-yaim L"ssohn#. Tenth Lesson. 

Avec (av-veck), with. Couper (koopay), to cut. Le 
couteau (kootoh), knife. Marcher (marr-shay), to 
walk. 

Les yeux (yo), the eyes. Voir (vwahr), to see. Je 
vois (zh" vwah), I see; il voit (il vwah), he sees; nous 
voyons (noo vwah-yohn^), we see; vous voyez (voo 
vwah-yay), you see; ils voient (il vwah), they see. 

Les oreilles (oray-ye), the ears. Entendre (ahn#- 
tahng-dr), to hear. J'entends (zhang-tahng) , I hear; il 
entend (il ahng-tahng) , he hears; nous entendons (nooz- 
ahng-tahng-dohng) , we hear; vous entendez (vooz-atm<7- 
tahngr-day), you hear; ils entendent (ilz-ahn^-tahn^-d), 
they hear. Vous m'entendez parler. You hear me 
speak. 

Je frappe, I knock. Vous frappez, you knock. Les 
autos dans la rue, the autos in the street. 

Le nez (nay), the nose. Sentir (sahn^-teer), to smell. 
Je sens (zh" ssihng), I smell; il sent (il sahng), he 
smells; nous sentons (noo sahng-tohng) , we smell; vous 
sentez (voo sahn^-tay), you smell; ils sentent (il 
sahn^r-t), they smell. 

La fleur (fleer), the flower; la rose (roze), the rose; 
la tulipe (tiilip), the tulip; la violette (vee-o-lett), the 
violet; la pensee (pahn^-say), the pansy; l'oeillet (loy- 
yay), the pink. 

Bon (hohng), good; mauvais (mo-vai), bad; le gaz 
(1" gahz), the gas. 



— 46 — 

La bouche (boosh), the mouth. Manger (mahng- 
zhay), to eat. Je mange (zh" mah^-zh), I eat; il 
mange (il mahn^-zh), he eats; nous mangeons (noo 
mah?i^-zhohn^), we eat; vous mangez (voo mahng- 
zhay), you eat; ils mangent (il mahn^-zh), they eat. 

Le pain (paing), the bread; la viande (v-yahng-d) , 
the meat; les legumes (leggiim), the vegetables; les 
fruits (frwee), the fruit; le raisin (ray-zaing), the 
grape; la f raise (fraize), the strawberry; la peche 
(paish), the peach ; les haricots (lai areeko), the beans; 
les petits pois (pwah), the green peas ; les choux (shoo), 
the cabbage; la pom me de terre (pumm d" tair), the 
potato. 

Boire (bwahr), to drink. Je bois (zh" bwah), I 
drink; il boit (il bwah), he drinks; nous buvons (noo 
biivohn<7), w r e drink; vous buvez (voo biivay), you 
drink; ils boivent (il bwahv), they drink. 

L'eau (loh), the water; le vin (vaing), the wine; la 
biere (b-yair), the beer; le cafe (kaffay), the coffee; 
le the (tay), the tea; le lait (lay), the milk. 

Remark 39: When some or any does not refer to a 
noun in the plural, but to a noun in the singular, it is 
not translated by des, but by du (masc), de la (fern.), 
de V before a vowel or silent h, de before an adjective, 
and pas de in the meaning of not any, no. Examples : 
Du vin, some wine; de la biere, some beer; de Feau, 
some water; pas de vin, no wine; pas de cafe, not any 
coffee. 

Le sucre (sukr) the sugar, sucrier (sukreeay) sugar- 
bowl; cafe au lait, coffee with milk; cafe noir, black 
coffee. 



— 47. — 

ONZlfeME LE^ON. 

Ohn^rz-yaim L"ssohng. Eleventh Lesson. 

Une cuillere (kwee-yair) spoon ; un couteau (koo-toh) 
a knife; une fourchette (foor-shett) a fork; une assiette 
(ass-yett) a plate; un plat (plah) a dish; le verre (vair) 
the glass ; la tasse (tahss) the cup. 

Bon a manger, good to eat; masculine: bon (hohng), 
odeur (oh-doer), une odeur agreable (ah-gray-abbl) a 
good; mauvais (mo-vai) bad; feminine: bonne (bunn), 
mauvaise (movaiz) ; cassee (kas-say) broken; une bonne 
odeur (oh-doer), une odeur agreable (ah-gray-ahbl) 
pleasant odor; une odeur desagreable (dai-zah-gray-ahbl) 
a disagreeable odor ; un gout (goo) a taste ; Le fromage 
(frum-ah-zh) the cheese. Le cafe sucre (siikray) ; sug- 
ared coffee, i.e., coffee with sugar. 

Aimer (aimay) to like, to love. 

J'aime (zhaim) I like; vous aimez (vooz-aimay) 
you like; il aime (il-aim) he likes; nous aimons (nooz- 
aimohngr) we like; ils aiment (ilz-aim) they like. 

Les choses qui sont agreables a voir sont belles. (Lai 
shohz kee sohngt-ah-gray-ahbl ah vwahr sohn<7 bell.) 
Things which are pleasant to see (i.e. pleasant to the 
eye) are beautiful. 

Masc. beau (boh) handsome, beautiful, good looking. 
Fern, belle (bell). 

Remark JfO: Eef erring to plural nouns beau takes an 
x, belle an s. Bel is used only in the singular with 
masculine nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h. 

Masc. laid (lai) ugly. Fern, laide (laid) ugly. 



— 48 — 

Statue de Venus (stattii d" vay-niiss) statue of 
Venus; PApollon du Belvedere (lap-pol-ohng dii Bell- 
vay-dair) the Apollo of Belvedere. Au musee (oh 
miizay) at the museum; de belles statues (d" bell 
stattii) beautiful statues; de beaux tableaux (d" boh 
tab-loh) beautiful paintings; la tete de Meduse (lah tait 
d" Mai-diiz) Medusa's head. 

Le singe (1" sain^-zh) the monkey;' le cheval (1" 
sh"vahl) the horse; le chameau (1" sham-oh) the camel; 
le paon (1" palm#) the peacock ; le hibou (1" eeboo) the 
owl. 



DOUZIEME LE£ON 

Dooz-yaim U'ssohng. Twelfth Lesson. 

Pouvoir (poovwahr), to be able. 

Je puis (zh" pwee), or je peux (zh" po), I can, il 
peut (il po), he can; nous pouvons (noo poovotmg), 
we can; vous pouvez (voo poovay), you can ; ils peuvent 
(ill poev), they can. 

Remark J^l : There are in English a few verbs called 
defective, such as ; I can, I must, etc., because they have 
no Infinitive nor Participles. In French these verbs 
have all the various forms which, when lacking in Eng- 
lish, must be translated by synonymous expressions ; as, 
for instance: Pouvoir, to be able; je peux, I can; 
nous pouvons, we can; pouvant, being able. 



— 49 — 



PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSLATION OF THE 
FRENCH TEXT, PAGE 39 

Zh" fairrm lah porrt, lah porrt ai fairrmay; zh" n" 
po pah sorrteer. I close the door, the door is closed; 
I cannot go out. Zhoovr lah porrt, lah porrt aitoovairt ; 
zh" po sorteer. I open the door, the door is open ; I can 
go out. 

Ferme masc. sing.; fermee fern, sing.; fermes masc. 
pi.; fermees fern. pi. (all these are pronounced fairr- 
may). 

Remark Jf-2: Notice that the past participles used 
with the verb to be agree with the word to which they 
refer. 

Zhai ling cr&yohng; zh" poz-eckreer, I have a pen- 
cil; I can write. M"ss-yo B nah pah d" crayohn^; 
ill n" po pahz-eckreer. Mr. B. has no pencil ; he cannot 
write. 

L" plaf-fohw# ai hoh ; zh" n" po pah tooshay oh plaf- 
iohng. The ceiling is high; I can not touch the ceil- 
ing. 

Lah lahngr-p ai bahss ; zh" po tooshay ah lah lahng-j). 
The lamp is low ; I can touch the lamp. 

Toucher (tooshay) to touch ; toucher a, to reach — au 
must he used for a le. 

Zh" po vwahr lai shohz d"vahn<7 mwah; zh" n" po 
pah vwahr lai shohz dair-yair mwah. I can see the 
things in front of me ; I can not see the things behind me. 
Zh" fairrm laiz-yb* ; zh" n" po pah vwahr. I close the 
eyes ; I can not see. 

M"ss-yo B. ah wig kootoh; ill po koopay 1" pap-yay. 



— 50 — 

Mr. B. has a knife; he can cut the paper. Zh" nai 
pah d" kootoh; zh" n" po pah koopay 1" pap-yay. I 
have no knife, I can not cut the paper. 

M. Berlitz ah dai lunett; il po vwahr aveck dai lu- 
nett; il n" po pah vwahr sahng lunett. Mr. Berlitz 
has eye glasses ; he can see with eye glasses ; he can not 
see without eye glasses. 



Vouloir (vool-wahr) to want, to wish. 

Je veux (zh" vo) I want; il veut (il vo) he wants; 
nous voulons (noo voolohn#) we want; vous voulez (voo 
voolay) you want; ils veulent (il voell) they want. 

Dechirer (day-sheeray) to tear; casser (kassay) to 
break ; la montre (lah mohng-tr) the watch ; le mur (1" 
mur) the wall. 

Remark J/.3: A verb dependent on another verb takes 
the form called Infinitive. In French all infinitives end 
in er, ir, oir, re; you will notice therefore in the ex- 
amples of the French text that the verbs after " je peux," 
etc., " je veux," etc., have these endings. 



Si la porte est fermee, nous ne pouvons pas sortir. 

(See lah porrt ai fairmai, noo n" poovohng pah 
sorrteer. ) 

If the door is closed, we cannot go out. 

Si nous n'avons ni crayons ni plumes, nous ne pou- 
vons pas ecrire. 

(See noo navvohngr nee cray-ohw# nee plum, noo n" 
poovotm^ pahz-eckreer. ) 

If we have neither pencils nor pens, we cannot write. 

Vous etes oblige d'ouvrir la porte. Vooz-et-z-oblee- 



— 51 — 

zhai doovreer lah porrt.) You are obliged to open the 
door. 

Nous sommes obliges d'ouvrir les yeux pour voir. 
(Noo sumz-obleezhay doovreer laiz-yo poor vwabr.) 
We are obliged to open the eyes to see. 

Je suis oblige * d'avoir la craie. Zh" sweez-oblee- 
zhai dav-vwahr la kray.) I am obliged to have the 
chalk. 

i oblige, obligee, obliges, obligees ; see preceding remark about 
the agreement of past participle. They are all pronounced 
"obleezhay." 



— 53 



MORCEAUX ELEMENTARIES 

( Morsoh-z-el-em-ahri#-t air. ) 
Elementary Pieces. 



f* 55 — 



LA PENDULE ET LA MONTRE 

(Lah palm#-dull ay lah mohn#-tr.) 
The clock and the watch. 



INTRODUCTION ORALE 
(Ain^-tro-diiks-yohw^ orahl). Oral introduction. 

II est une heure, deux hemes, trois heures, quatre 
heures (il ait-iin-cer, doz-oer, trwahz-cer, katr-cer). It 
is one o'clock, two o'clock, three o'clock, four o'clock. 

Quatre heures et quart, quatre heures et demie (katr- 
oer ay kar, katr-cer ay d"mee) a quarter past four, 
half past four. Quatre heure moins le quart (katr-cer 
mwaing 1" kar) a quarter to four. Cinq heures dix 
(sain^r-la-cer diss) ten minutes after five. Six heures 
moins dix (seez-cer mwam# diss) ten minutes to six. 

Notice that expressions like " five minutes to one, 
five minutes after one " are literally " one o'clock less 
five, one o'clock (and) five." 

Quelle heure est-il? (kel-cer ait-il) What time is it? 
A quelle heure (ah kel-cer) at what time? 

You do not say twelve o'clock in Trench but midi 
(middee) noon, or minuit (minnwee) midnight. 

Yous partez (parrtay) you leave, depart; la minute 
(minniitt) the minute; la seconde (se"gohn#-d) the 
second; une demi-heure (d"mee cer) half an hour; un 
quart d'heure (kar d'oer) quarter of an hour, une heure 
et demie (iin-oer ay d"mee) an hour and a half. 



- 56 - 

Notice the difference in spelling between " demi- 
heure " and " heure et demie." 

Formation of Adverbs and Comparison of Adjectives 
and Adverbs 

Many adverbs are formed by the addition of the suf- 
fix ment (maim*/) to the feminine of adjectives, as: 
grand, grandement, great, greatly; riche (rish) riche- 
ment, rich, richly. 

The comparative of adjectives and adverbs is formed 
by prefixing the word plus (plii) more, as : plus grand, 
larger; plus long, longer, etc., except bon, good; meil- 
leur 1 (mei-yoer) better; bien (b-y&ing) well; mieux 
(ni-yo) better; mauvais, bad; plus mauvais or pire 
(peer) worse; mal, badly; plus mal or pis (pee), worse. 

The superlative is formed by simply putting the 
definite article before the comparative, as: long, plus 
long, le plus long — long, longer, the longest; bon, 
meilleur, le meilleur = good, better, best. Of course, 
the article and the adjective must agree in gender and 
number with the noun to which they refer, e.g., le plus 
grand livre, la plus grande boite, les plus grands livres, 
etc., the article accompanying an adverb remains al- 
ways unchanged, e.g., le plus grandement, most greatly. 

aussi grand que (ohssee gralmgr k") as large as . . . 

plus grand que (plii granny k") larger than . . . 

le plus grand de (1" plii granny d") the largest of . . . 

i Feminine ; meilleure, plural ; meilleurs, meilleures ( all pro- 
nounced alike) — meilleur and pire are adjectives, mieux and pis 
are adverbs. 



— 57 — 

LA PENDULE ET LA MONTRE 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

(Leck-tiir ay koh^-vair-sass-yoh^.) 
Reading and Conversation. 

Nous mettons la premiere, we put the former; une 
chambre (un shahn^-br) a room; la cheminee (sh"- 
mee-nay ) mantleshelf ; contre le mur (kohng-tr 1" miir) 
against the wall. Nous portons la derniere dans la 
poche, we carry the latter in the pocket. En bois, en 
marbre, en bronze, en or, en argent (ahng bwah, ahng 
marr-br, ahng brohn#-z, ahn^-n-or, ahn^-n-arr-zhahn^r) 
— [made] of wood, of marble, of bronze, of gold, of 
silver. 

L'une et 1' autre, both; marquent (* 3rd pers. pi. 
of marquer), mark, indicate; l'heure, the hour, the 
time; contient (kolm^-t-yaing) contains; f orment 2 (3rd 
pers. pi.) form; un jour (zhoor) a day. 

Dans cette salle, in this room; qui ne marche pas, 
which is not going; arretee, stopped; remontee, wound 
up (remonter, to wind up) ; cle (klay), key; mettez-la 
a Pheure, set it; retarder (r"tarrday), to put behind 
time, to be behind time ; avancer, to put ahead of time, 
to be ahead of time; precise (prai-seez), precise, exact; 
dure (diir), lasts; ni . . . ni (nee . . . nee), neither 

i Remember that the ending ent in the 3rd person plural of 
verbs is not pronounced. 

2 In order to show the difference between the English and the 
French idioms we sometimes use bad English so as to give a literal 
understanding of the French peculiarities of expression. 



— 58 — 

. . . nor (these words are accompanied by the ne- 
gation ne; as: " Je n'ai ni argent ni or — I have (not) 
neither silver nor gold.") 

Exercices. Eepondre aux questions suivantes: 

(Egzair-siss. Baipohngr-dr oh kest-johng sweev- 
aJing-t:) Exercises. Answer the following questions : 

1. D" kwah parrl-t-ohngr dahng 1" morrsoh si-d" sii ? 
Of what do we speak in the piece above — 12. s" kohng- 
poz- ung zhoor, is a day composed. 

Remark J/.Jj.: Se compose is literally "composes it- 
self " ; in French the Keflexive form is often used where 
in English you use the Passive. 



L'ANNEE 

(L'annay.) The Year. 

INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Jour (zhoor) day; semaine (s"menn) week; mois 
(mwah) month; saison (saizohn^) season. 

Les noms des jours (lai nolm^r dai zhoor) the names of the 
days: 

Lundi, lung-dee, Monday — mardi, marr-dee, Tuesday — mer- 
eredi, maircr"dee, Wednesday — jeudi, zhodee, Thursday — ven- 
dredi, vahngdr"dee, Friday — samedi, sam"dee, Saturday — 
dimanche, deem"ahngsh, Sunday. 

Les noms des mois, the names of the months: 

Janvier, zhahw^r-v'yay, January — fevrier, f aivree-yay, February 
— mars, marrs, March — avril, avreel, April — mai, may, May — 
juin, zhw&ing, June — juillet, zhweeyay, July — aout, oo, August 



— 59 — 

— septembre, septahn#-br, September — octobre, oktobr, October — 
novembre, novahi^-br, November — deceinbre, dessahn^-br, Decern 
ber. 

Les noms des saisons, the names of the seasons. 
Printemps, Ete, Automne, Hiver 
( Praiwy-tahncjr, ettay, oh-tunn, eevair.) 
Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. 



Appeler (app-lay) to call, s'appeler, to call oneself 
= to be called. Je m'appelle (zh"mappell) I call 
myself = I am called, voos vous appelez (voo vooz 
app"lay) you call yourself = you are called, il s'appelle 
(il sappell) he calls himself = he is called, nous nous 
appelons (noo nooz app"lohn#) we call ourselves = 
we are called, ils s'appellent (il sappell) they call them- 
selves = they are called. Comment s'appellent les 
jours. What (how) are the days called? 

Aujourd'hui (oh-zhoor-dwee) to-day; hier (eeair) 
yesterday; demain (d^msiing) to-morrow; maintenant 
(maingt-nah?i^) now; e'est, it is; e'etait (settai) it 
was; ce sera (s" s"rah) it will be. Le combien est-ce? 
What day of the month is it? Quelle date (dat), 
what date? 

Remark J+5: In French you use the cardinal num- 
bers for dates with exception of premier. Le premier 
Janvier, le deux Janvier, le trois Janvier, etc., the first, 
second, third of January, etc. 

Remark J/.6: With all the names of months and sea- 
sons the preposition en (ahn^) is used: " en Janvier, 



— 60 — 

en mars, en ete, en hiver," in January, in March, in 
Summer, in Winter. " Printemps " is an exception, 
taking au (oh) =" au printemps " in Spring. 

With the words saison, mois, you must use dans: 
" dans le mois de Janvier, dans la saison d'ete." With 
mois you may also use au: " au mois de Janvier." 



L'ANNEE — LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Voici (vwah-see) here is; calendrier (kal-lahn#- 
dreeay) calendar; formant, forming; se divise (s"dee- 
veez) is divided (literally divides itself, see Remark 
44) ; aussi (ohssee) also; se compose, composes itself = 
is composed; pendant (pah^-dahn^) during; nous tra- 
vaillons (trahvi-yohn^) we work; travailler (trahvi-yai) 
to work; je travaille (trahvi-ye), 1 I work; nous ne fai- 
sons rien, we don't do anything; repos (r"poh) rest; se 
reposer (s'Y'pohzay) to rest. 

Remark Jf.7 : When the word some means a few, it 
is not to be translated by du, des, en, but by quelques 
when followed immediately by the noun, and by quel- 
ques-uns, fern, quelques-unes, when the noun is not im- 
mediately after it. Ex: Quelques (= a few) livres — 
some books. Quelques-uns (= a few) sont sur la table, 
d'autres sont sur la chaise — some (a few) are on the 
table, others on the chair. 

Quelques-uns (kell k"z-uhn#) some; seulement (soel- 
mahn<7) only; tous les quatre ans, every fourth year; 

i Pronounce the I as the ie in the English " lie." 






— 61 — 

dure jusqu'au (diir zhiiskoh) lasts till; alors (ahlor) 
then; regarder (r" garrday) to look. 

L'annee derniere (dairn-yair) last year, l'annee 
prochaine (prohshenn) next year; le mois dernier 
(dairn-yay) last month; le mois prochain (prohsham#) 
next month. 

Exercises: Question 6. l'avant dernier mois, the 
month before the last ; — 14. combien de temps (tahng) 
how long, how much time ; dure, lasts ; — 22. sueceder a 
(suk-sedday ah) to follow; — 24. preceder (press-sed- 
day) to precede. 



LA JOUR ET LA NUIT 

(L" zhoor ay lah nwee.) Day and night. 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Remark 48: The use of tiie articles. In Eng- 
lish, nouns are often used without any article or other 
determinative word; in French, this occurs only after 
sans (sans lunettes je ne peux pas voir) or ni ( Je n'ai 
ni argent ni or) and in a very few set phrases which 
will be given later. 

When a noun is used in a vague sense, as in the 
above title, it has the definite article in French, as also 
nouns taken in a general sense (Gold is yellow — Tor 
est jaune; cherries are ripe — les cerises sont mures 
— (lai s"reez sotm^r miir) ; man is mortal — l'homme 
est mortel (lumm ai morrtell). 

In a partitive sense the preposition de with the defi- 
nite article is used : " give me (some) money — donnez- 
moi de l'argent ; I eat meat — je mange de la viande." 



— 62 — 

de le must be contracted into du, de les into des: je 
bois du vin, I drink (some) wine; je mange des pommes, 
I eat some apples (see remarks 29 and 39). With a 
negation de alone is used: " don't give me (any) money 
— ne me donnez pas d' argent ; I don't eat meat — je ne 
mange pas de viande." 

In other cases the definite and the indefinite articles 
are used similarly to the English. However, when 
the sentence begins with il est, elle est, followed by a 
noun without modifier, no article is used, and when 
the sentence begins with cest the indefinite article is 
employed. — Examples : il est prof esseur, he is a teacher ; 
elle est cuisiniere (kweezin-yair), she is a cook; but: 
c'est un prof esseur, c'est une cuisiniere (same meaning 
as before). 



Le soleil 
(1" solayi 
the sun 


la lune 
lah liin 
the moon 


les 6toiles 
laiz ettwahl 
the stars 


le ciel 
1" s'yell) 
the sky 



Remark J/.9 : The noun " the light " is la lumiere, 
the adjective " light " is clair, the verb " to light " 
(= to kindle) is allumer, the verb "to light" (= to 
give forth light, to illuminate) is eclair er. When in 
phrases like " it is light, it is dark " the word it is an 
expletive subject (i.e. does not refer to anything), it is 
must betranslated by il fait; ex. " it is day (or day- 
light), il fait jour; it is night, il fait nuit; it is light, 
il fait clair," etc. 

Rideau (reedoh) curtain; baisser, to lower, to pull 

i Pronounce lay as in the English verb lay with the vanishing 
sound of y. 



— 63 — 

down; le store, the window-shade, les persiennes (pairs- 
yenn) the blinds, the shutters. 

Remark 50: Nouns are often used as adverbs of 
time without any preposition, as : la nuit, in the night ; 
le jour, during the day ; lundi, on Monday, etc. 

Allumer (al-lumay) to light, to kindle; eteindre 
(ettain<7-dr) to extinguish; gaz, gas; la lumiere elec- 
trique (lum-yair ellecktrick) the electric light; quand 
(kahn<7) when; visible (veezeebl) ; ici (issee) here; 
allumette (ahliimett) match; s'il vous plait (sil voo 
plai) if you please; je vous prie (zh'Voo pree) I pray 
you; merci (mairsee) thanks. Se leve (s"laiv) rises; 
se couche (s"coosh) sets; le matin (mattain^) morn- 
ing; le soir (swahr) evening; de bonne heure, early; 
tard (tar) late. 



LE JOUR ET LA NUIT — LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Se divisent (deeveez) are divided; en deux parties 
(ang do parrtee) into two parts; a present (ah 
prayzahngr) at present; bruler (briilay) to burn; la 
salle (sal) the hall; la lumiere (liim-yair) the light; 
suffisante (siif-fissalmgr-t) sufficient; assez (assay) 
enough ; eclairee a l'electricite (eck-lairay ah lellecktris- 
sittay) lighted by electricity. La lumiere du jour, day- 
light; au dessus de (oh d" sii d") above; les quatre 
points cardinaux (lai katr -pwaing karrdeenoh) the 
four cardinal points. 

Remark 51 ; For the plural the ending al (not ale) 



— 64 — 

is changed to aux; general, generaux ; special, speciaux; 
cardinal, cardinaux; ordinal, ordinaux, etc. (Remark 
18.) 

Test, (estt) le sud (slid) l'ouest (west), le nord (nor), 
south, west, north. 



Nous nous mettons au lit (oh lee) we put ourselves 
to bed; nous nous couchons (kooshohn^r) we lay our- 
selves down = we lie down; nous nous levons (YWohng) 
we raise ourselves = we rise = we get up ; nous nous 
lavons (lahvolmg) we wash ourselves = we get washed; 
nous nous habillons (abbeeyohng) we dress ourselves = 
we get dressed; dejeuner (day-zhonay) breakfast. 

Exercises: Question 4. D'ou. (doo) from where. — 
5. How is this hall lighted during the night ? — 24. Un- 
til what time do you work ? — 26. Is the moonlight as 
strong as the sunlight ? — - 32. Do you go to bed later in 
Sun*mer than in Winter? — 34. Diner (deenay) to 
dine, the dinner. 



LES INTEMPERIES 

(Laizain^-tahwgr-pay-ree.) Inclement weather. 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Remark 52: " Weather " is in French " temps " 
(tahn#) ; but as the same word means also " time," 
some other words must be used with it to determine 
more fully its meaning; as, for instance: 

II fait beau temps, it is fine weather. II fait mauvais 
temps, it is bad weather. J'ai le temps, I have time. 
Je n'ai pas le temps, I have no time. II fait un temps 



— 65 — 

agreable, it is pleasant weather. Nous passons un temps 
agreable, we pass time agreeably. Quel temps f ait-il ? 
What weather have we ? 

Note that in speaking of weather il fait must be used 
for it is and that "beau temps" is used for "good 
weather." 



Couvert de nuages (koovair d"niiazh) covered with 
clouds; il tombe (tohng-b) de l'eau; water is falling 
down. Tomber, to fall (" down " is not to be trans- 
lated). 

Remark 53: With "tomber, venir, arriver" and a 
few other verbs, instead of having the subject before the 
verb, as is the usual construction, the verb preceded by 
the impersonal pronoun il may be used when the sub- 
ject has an indefinite meaning; it may sometimes be 
translated by "there is." Examples: II tombe de 
l'eau, there is water falling down; II vient quelqu'un, 
there is somebody coming (quelqu'un vient, somebody is 
coming) ; II arrive (arreev) une dame, there is a lady 
arriving (une dame arrive, a lady is arriving) etc. 

Remark 5Jf.' Speaking of a person's feelings, you say 
in English: I am (or " feel ") warm or cold; he is (or 
"feels") warm or cold. In Erench you must say: I 
have, he has, etc., warm or cold. J'ai chaud ; il a froid. 
In speaking of how a thing is, how anything feels to 
you, you say as in English: Cette chambre est froide 
(you use "froide" because "chambre" is feminine), 
this room is cold; votre main est froide, your hand is 



— 66 — 

cold ; ce poele est chaud, this stove is warm. But you 
use " il fait froid, chaud, bon, bon temps, mauvais 
temps, etc. (" it makes cold, warm, comfortable") in 
sentences where in English the expletive it is is used, as : 
It is cold here, il fait froid ici ; it is warm in the room, 
il fait chaud dans la chambre; it is comfortable to-day, 
il fait bon aujourd'hui ; it is cold in winter, il fait froid 
en hiver; it is fine weather to-day, il fait beau temps 
aujourd'hui, etc., etc. 

In a similar way we say in French : II fait du soleil, 
the sun shines ; il fait de la pluie, it rains ; il fait de la 
neige, it snows ; il fait du vent, it is windy. 

Adverbs of Time 

Sou vent (soovalmg) often, rarement (rahr"mahft#) 
seldom; jamais (zhammay) never; toujours (toozhoor) 
always; quelquefois (kelk"fwah) sometimes; generale- 
ment (zhay-nay-rahl-mahn^) generally. 



LES INTEMPERIES — LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Grosses goutes (grohss goot) big drops ; pluie (pi wee) 
the rain; pleuvoir (plovwahr) to rain; il pleut (plo) 
it rains; parapluie, umbrella; ne — plus, no more, no 
longer; il fait tres mauvais marcher, walking is very 
bad; la rue (rii) street; couverte de boue (koovairt d" 
boo) covered with mud; retournons a la maison 
(r"toorrnolm(7-z-ah lah maizolm#) go back to the house 
i.e. home; trop (tro) too; pour sortir (poor sorrteer) to 



— 67 — 

go out. II fait tres bon, it is very comfortable; oter 
(ohtay) to take off; mettre, to put on; vetement (vait- 
mahng) clothing; mouille (mooy-yay) wet; sec, dry. 

Remark 55: Journee (zhoornay) day. "Jour" 
means 24 hours, " journee " means " day " from morn- 
ing till evening; "jour" also means daylight (il fait 
jour = it is light) " journee " is more often used with 
adjectives than " jour " (une longue journee = a long 
day). "Jour" is also preferred with cardinal num- 
bers, " journee " with ordinals (un jour, deux jour, la 
premiere journee, la deuxieme journee). 

A similar difference exists between annee and an 
(ahn<7) both mean " year." The former is preferred 
with adjectives and ordinal numbers, the latter with 
cardinal numbers. 

Voila qu'il commence aussi a neiger (naizhay), there, 
it begins also to snow; la neige, the snow; il neige, it 
snows. II fait chaud (shoh), it is warm (or "hot"). 
II fait bon, it is pleasant. 

Pres du feu (prai dii fo) near the fire; chauffez-vous 
(shohfay) warm yourself; tres bas (trai bah) very low; 
Jean (zhsihng) John; charbon (sharrbolmg) coal; pour 
les rechauffer, to warm them — " rechauffer " is literally 
"to warm again." Soulier (sool'yay) shoe; trempe 
(trahn^-pay) soaked; avoir froid aux pieds, to have cold 
at the feet, i.e. to have cold feet. 

Remark 56: "Done" makes an imperative more 
emphatic, like the English " do " : regardez done, do 
look; mangez done, do eat; asseyez-vous done, do sit 
down. 



— 68 — 

Vent (voting) wind, il fait du vent, it is windy ; fort 
(for) strong; cet homme (set-turn) that man; tenir 
(t"neer) to hold; emporter (ahn^r-porr-tay) to carry 
away; moins fort, less strongly, i.e. not so much. 

Exercises : Question 4. Qu'est-ce qui tombe, what 
is falling ? — 6. What do you carry in your hand to 
protect you against the rain ? — 7. And against what 
does a sunshade protect you ? — 18. Does one make a 
fire in the stove in summer ? — 29. With what do we 
protect ourselves against the cold ? — 21. D'ou, from 
where; la chaleur (shahloer) the heat. — 25. Do you 
like to go out when it is very windy ? — 28. Des vete- 
ments lourds (loor) heavy clothing. 



LE PRESENT ET LE PASSE 

(L" praizalmg ay 1" passay) The Present and the Past 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

In French, the Perfect tense (I have done, I have 
eaten, I have seen, etc.) is very often used for the Eng- 
lish Imperfect (I did, I ate, did eat; saw, did see). 
Qu'ai-je fait (kaizh fay), means " What have I done ? " 
and also " What did I do ? " " Qu'avez-vous fait (kav- 
vay-voo fay) ? Qu' a-t-il fait (kat-il fay) ? Qu'avons- 
nous fait (kav-volmg noo fay) ? Qu' ont-ils fait (koh?i#- 
till fay) or Qu'ont-elles fait (koh^-tell fay) ? " mean 
" What have you done ? " and " What did you do ? " 
"What has he done?" and "What did he do?" 



— 69 — 

"What have we done?" and "What did we do?" 
" What have they done ? " and " What did they do ? " 

Present, Present Tense. Pass4, Past Tense. 

Je dechire, I tear. J'ai dechire, I have torn, I tore, 

(zh" daysheer) (zhai daysheeray) 

Vous dechirez, you tear. Vous avez dechirg, you have torn, 

(voo daysheeray) (vooz-avvay daysheeray) you tore. 

II dechire, he tears. II a d6chire\ he has torn, he tore. 

( il daysheer ) ( il ah daysheeray ) 

Nous dechirons, we tear. Nous avons dechirg, we have torn, 

(noo daysheerohw<7 ) (nooz awohwg daysheeray) we tore. 

Vous dechirez, you tear. Vous avez dechirg, you have torn, 

(voo daysheeray) (vooz away daysheeray) you tore, 

lis dechirent, they tear. lis ont dechire, they have torn, 

(il daysheer) (illz ohng daysheeray) they tore. 

Other verbs of similar form in the present tense re- 
semble each other generally in the past. 

When the infinitive ends in er, like " fermer, compter, 
donner, parler, manger," etc., the past participle is 
formed by changing er into e. Ex. : Je ferme — j'ai 
f erme ; vous comptez — vous avez compte ; il, elle donne 

— il, elle a donne ; nous parlons — nous avons parle ; 
ils, elles mangent — ils, elles ont mange. The pronun- 
ciation of the endings er, ez and e is alike ; dechirer to 
tear, vous dechirez you tear and dechire torn, are all 
pronounced daysheeray. 

Verbs ending in ir like " finir, sentir, punir " (piineer 
t= to punish), form generally their past participle by 
dropping the final letter of the infinitive. Ex. : Je 
finis — j'ai fini ; vous sentez — vous avez senti ; il punit 

— il a puni ; etc. (zh" finnee — zhai finnee ; voo salm#- 
tay — vooz away sahn^-tee; ill piinee — ill ah piinee). 

Verbs ending in evoir change this into u, as : recevoir 



— 70 — 

(r"ss"vwahr, to receive) recu (r"ssii) received; devoir 
(d'Vwahr, to owe, to be obliged) du (dii) owed, been 
obliged. 

Verbs ending in re generally change that ending into 
u for the past participle : " entendre — entendu ; re- 
pondre — repondu." 

But there are many irregular forms in the past partici- 
ples as: tenir (t'neer, to hold, past participle, tenu 
(t'nii) held; ouvrir — ouvert (oovair) ; pouvoir, to be 
able — pu (pii) been able; voir — vu (vii) ; vouloir 
(voolwahr) to desire — voulu (voolii) desired; boire — 
bu (bu) ; dire — dit (dee) ; ecrire — ecrit (eckree) ; 
faire to do — fait (fai) done; lire — lu (lu) ; mettre 
— mis (mee) ; prendre — pris (pree) ; avoir (avvwahr) 
to have — eu (ii) had; etre (aitr) to be — ete (ettay) 
been. 

Students should therefore learn very carefully the dif- 
ferent forms of verbs given in the French text. 

Le Passif 
(L" Passiff.) The Passive. 

The passive of the verb is formed as in English with 
the verb " to be," but the past participle (ferme, ouvert, 
ecrit, lu, fait, etc.) agrees, in such case, like an adjec- 
tive, with the word to which it refers, i.e., it assumes an 
e for the feminine, s for plural masc, es for plural fern. 
Examples : 

Le livre est ferme\ La porte est fermee. 

(1" leevr ai fairmay) (lah port ai fairmay) 

Les livres sont fermes. Les portes sont fermees. 

(lai leevr sohw<7 fairmay) (lai port sohnt/ fairmay) 

Le tiroir est ouvert. La fenStre est ouverte. 



71 — 



(1" teer-wahr ai-t-oovair ) 
Les tiroirs sont ouverts. 
(lai teer-wahr sohny-t-oovair ) 
L'alphabet est ecrit. 
(lal-fah-bay ai-t-eckree) 
Le morceau est hi. 
(1" morsoh ai lii) 
Les morceaux sohng lii. 
(lai morsoh sohng lii) 
Son exercice est fait. 
( sohwfir-n-egzairsiss ai fai) 
Ses exercices sont faits 
( sai-z-egzairsiss sohng fai ) 
Votre gant est d6chire\ 
(votr gahng ai daysheeray) 
Vos gants sont d£chir6s. 
(voh gahw<jr sohng daysheeray) 



(lah fnaitr ai-t-oovairt) 

Les fenetres sont ouvertes. 

(lai fnaitr sohw#-t-oovairt) 

La lettre est ecrite. 

(lah letr ai-t-eckrit) 

La lecon est lue. 

(lah l"ssohw# ai lii) 

Les legons sont lues. 

(lai l"ssohw# sohng lii) 

Sa lettre est faite. 

(sah letr ai fait) 

Ses lettres sont faites. 

(sai letr sohng fait) 

Votre robe est dechiree. 

(votr rubb ai daysheeray) 

Vos robes sont d6chirees. 

(voh rubb sohng daysheeray) 



LE PRESENT ET LE PASSE — LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Cotelette de mouton (koht-lett d" mootolm<7) mutton 
chop; ensuite (ahn^-switt) afterwards; sous enveloppes 
(soo-z-ahngr v"lop) under cover i.e. in a wrapper; en- 
voyer (almgr-vwah-yay) to send; domestique, servant; 
porter (porrtay) to carry — envoy e les porter, sent to 
carry them ; a la poste, to the post office. 

Nouveau (noovoh) — feminine: nouvelle (noovell) 
new; apporte, brought; page (pahzh) page; a haute voix 
(hoht vwah) in a loud voice, loudly ; corrige mes f autes 
(korreezhay mai foht) corrected my mistakes; quitter 
(kittay) to leave; visite (veezeet) visit; apres-midi 
(apprai middee) afternoon; ensemble (alm^-sahn^-bl) 
together; longuement (lohng-g"mahng) lengthily; pro- 
menade (prum"nahd) a stroll, a walk (note that in 
French you do not say " take " a walk, " pay " a visit, 
but " make " a walk, " make " a visit) ; pare, park ; 



— 72 — 

rencontre (rahngr-kohn^-tray) met, encountered; Au« 
gnste (ohgiist) ; voulu (voolii) wanted; jardin (zharr- 
dain<7) garden ; n'avons pas pu, could not, were not able ; 
rester dehors (d"hor) remain out of doors ; rentrer, to go 
back ; salle a manger, dining room ; n'a-t-il pas fait trop 
chaud, wasn't it too warm; nous avons ete, we were; 
cesse, stopped; toute la soiree (toot lah swahray) all the 
evening. 

Remark 57: Soir — soiree. " Soir " is the end of 
day; it often means afternoon or the time from 12 p. m. 
to 12 a. m. Soiree, besides an evening entertainment, 
denotes the duration from sunset to midnight ; matin — 
matinee ; " matin " is the beginning of day or the period 
from 12 a. m. to 12 p. m. ; matinee, besides an afternoon 
performance, is the duration from sunrise to noon. 

Eegu de lui (r"su d" lwee) received from him. 
(Note that the cedilla (*) must be placed under the c 
when it is to have the " ss " sound before a, o, u.) 

Chez (shay) lui, at his house — chez moi, chez vous, 
chez nous, chez elle, chez eux etc. at my house, at your 
house, at our house, at her house, at their house, etc. 

Anciennes editions (ahn^r-s-yenn-z-eddiss-yohn^r) 
former editions. Entendu parler du, heard about. 

Remark 58: " Entendre " alone is " to hear " i.e. to 
receive the sound impression by the ear (j'entends bien 
— I hear well) " Entendre parler " is " to hear news, 
to get information." Compare with " dire "== to say ; 
" entendre dire "= to hear it said ; " j'ai entendre dire " 
= I have heard it said «= I have been told. 



— 73 — 

Voyage (vwah-yahzh), journey, voyage, trip. Bus- 
sie (riissee) Bussia; avant de partir, before leaving; il 
n'a pas pu, he could not, he was not able ; trop a f aire 
(troh-p-ah fair) too much to do; en ce moment (sihng 
s" momalm^) just now. 

Exercises: Question 9. Eecevez vous votre cour- 
rier (koor'yai) do you receive your mail matter? — 12. 
Lai meezairahbl d" Victor Ugo. — 15. " argent " means 
not only silver but money in general. — 23. billets (bee- 
yai) tickets. — 29. craie chalk, crayon. — 40. avant hier 
(ahvahw^-t eeair) day before yesterday. — 41. en en- 
trant, when entering. — 47. seuls ici, alone here. — 50. 
eleves (ellaiv) pupils. — 53. a la main, in their hands. 
— 54. toutes, all ; tout (too) masculine sing., tous, 
masc. plur, 1 toute (toot) fern, sing., toutes (toot) fern, 
plur.). — 58. en meme temps, at the same time. — 62. 
jouer (zhooay) play; did you see Sarah Bernhardt play 
(Sahrah Bairnarr) ? — 63. f rapper, to knock. — 64. 
Where did these gentlemen hear Adelina Patti sing ? 



LE PRESENT ET LE PASSE, 
SECONDE PARTIE 

(L" prayzahn# ay 1" passay, s"golm#d parrtee) 

The Present and the Past, second part. 

Le Passe avec " etre." The Past formed with " to be." 

INTRODUCTION ORALE 

There are some verbs which form their past not with 

i " tous " is pronounced " too " when the noun to which it re- 
fers follows, but " tooss " if the noun does not follow. — Tous les 
animaux (too laiz-annimmoh ) all the animals; lis sont tous ici 
(il sohw<7 toos issy) they are all here. 



— 74 — 

the auxiliary " to have " ( avoir ), as in English (I have 
gone, he has gone, he has come, we have entered, they 
have gone out, etc.), but with the auxiliary " to be" 
(etre). Therefore you must say in French: Je suis 
alle (I am gone or I went), il est venu (he is come or 
he came), nous sommes entres (we are entered or we 
entered), ils sont sortis (they are gone out or they went 
out), etc. 

Remark 59: JSTote that the Past participle when 
used with the verb " etre " must agree in gender and 
number with the subject of the verb, i.e. " un monsieur 
est alle, une dame est allee, nous sommes alles, les messi- 
eurs sont alles, les dames sont allees." 

The principal verbs that form their past with " to 
be," are: aller, to go; venir, to come (and its deriva- 
tives : devenir, d"vneer, to become ; parvenir, parr-vneer, 
to reach, to succeed; revenir, r"vneer, to come back), 
entrer, to go or come in ; sortir, to go or come out ; mon- 
ter, to go or come up ; descendre, to go or come down ; 
partir, to leave; arriver, to arrive; rester, to remain; 
tomber, to fall. 

PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSLATION OF FRENCH 
TEXT, PAGE 61 

(Zh" vaiz ah leckoll too lai zhoor.) 

I go to school every day. 

(Ee-yair zh" swee-z-al-lay ah leckoll.) 

Yesterday I went to school. 

(Vooz al-laiz-ah leggleez 1" deemahn^-sh.) 

You go to church on Sunday. 

(Deemalma/sh dairn-yay vooz-ait-z-al-lay ah leggleez.) 



— 75 — 

Last Sunday you went to church. 

(Muss-yo Bairleets vah ah Paree ahng septahngbr.) 

Mr. Berlitz goes to Paris in September. 

(Lannay dairn-yair il ai-t-al-lay ah Paree nhny-noo.) 

Last year he went to Paris in August. 

(Ee-yair swahr noo sunim-z-al-lay oh tai-ahtr.) 

Last night we went to the theatre. 

(Bohkoo dammaireekai?i(7 voh?i^r-t-ah Mohngr-tay 
Carlo.) 

Many Americans go to Monte Carlo. 

(Akng mill-nossah?^ kai?i#ss po dammaireekai?i^ 
sohn^-tal-lay-z-a/i Mohn^tay Carlo.) 

In 1915 few Americans went to Monte Carlo. 

L'Europe (lorop) Europe; le Havre (1" ahvr) Havre; 
au Havre (oh ahvre) at Havre; Bordeaux (Bordoh) ; 
Christophe Colomb (KristufT Kullohn*?) Christopher 
Columbus; la premiere fois (fwah), the first time. 

Remark 60: The word " time " must be translated 
by " fois " in expressions like the following : once, twice, 
three times, four times, etc., une fois, deux fois, trois 
fois, quatre fois — the first time, second time, third time, 
etc. — la premiere fois, la deuxieme fois, la troisieme 
fois, etc. 

Jourdain (zhoorrdaiwg) ; — N'est-il pas venu me 
voir, did he not come and see me. — il n'est plus, he is 
no more (no longer), jusqu'au — as far as, until; en 
route (alm^r root) on the way; bateau (bahtoh) boat; 
visiter (veezeetay) to visit; salon (sal-lohng) saloon, 
drawing room; le quai (kay) wharf; le port (por) the 
port; beaucoup de monde (mohng-d) many people; 



— 76 — 

enormement (ennormaimahng) a great many; que peu 
de temps, but little time, only a short time. 

Exercises: Question 7. Partir de chez vous, leave 
your home. — 10. quelqu'un est-il venu, did anyone 
come. — 11. en retard (r"tar) late, too late. — 13. en 
meme temps que, at the same time as. — 15. a pied 
(p'yay) on foot. — 16. boue (boo) mud. — 24. Exposi- 
tion (expoh-ziss-yoh^). — 25. la tour (toor) tower. — 
26. etage (ettazh) story, floor. 



LE TEMPS FUTUR 

(L" tahng fiitiir.) Future time. 

INTRODUCTION ORALE 

The future tense is formed in French, not by an 
auxiliary as in English (will, shall), but by adding to 
the infinitive a syllable which is different for the dif- 
ferent grammatical persons, i.e. : ai, a, ons, ez, out: Je 
donnerai (zh"dun"ray i= I shall give); vous donnerez 
(voo dun"ray = you will give) ; il donnera (il dun"rah 
= he will give) ; nous donnerons (noo dun"rohn^ = 
we shall give) ; ils donneront (il dun"rohn# = they will 
give). 

The same with other verbs. Those ending in oir or 
e, as for instance recevoir (r"ss"vwahr, to receive) and 
prendre (prahn^-dr, to take), lose oi or final e in the 
future. Ex. : Je recevrai (zh" r"ss"vray, I shall re- 
ceive), vous prendrez (voo pralm^-dray, you will take), 
il recevra (il r"ss"vrah, he will receive), nous prendrons 



— 77 — 

(noo -prahng-drohng, we shall take), ils recevront (il 
r"ss"vrohn#, they will receive). 

But there are many irregular forms in the future of 
verbs, as: avoir (av-vwahr = to have), j'aurai (zh' 
ohray = I shall have) ; etre (aitr = to be), je serai 
(zh" sray = I shall be) ; appeler (app"lay = to call) , 
j'appellerai (zh'ap-pell-ray = I shall call) ; aller 
(al-lay = to go) , j'irai (zh'eeray = I shall go) ; venir 
(v'neer = to come) , je viendrai (zh" v'yam#-dray = 
I shall come) ; pouvoir (poovwhar = to be able) , je 
pourrai (zh" poo-ray = I shall be able) ; vouloir (vool- 
wahr = to want, to wish), je voudrai (zh" voo-dray 
= I shall want) ; voir (vwahr = to see), je verrai 
(zh" vai-ray = I shall see) ; faire (fair — to do or to 
make), je ferai (zh" fray = I shall do or make). 

The preceding are for the first person only; for the 
other persons the ending must be changed as indicated in 
the beginning of this lesson. 

Remark 61: The verbs devoir (d"-vwahr = ought ; 
should, must), pouvoir (•= can, may), vouloir (= will 
= want), though they have no past nor future tense in 
English, have those tenses in French; in translating 
other words must be substituted in English. Ex. : II 
doit sortir aujourd'hui (= He must go out to-day). II 
a du sortir hier (— He was obliged to go out yester- 
day). II devra sortir demain (= He will be obliged 
to go out to-morrow). Pouvez-vous aller en France 
cette annee (= Can you go to France this year) ? Oui, 
je peux y aller (.= Yes, I can go there). Avez-vous 
pu y aller l'annee derniere (= Have you been able to 
go there last year) ? Non, je n'ai pas pu l'annee derni- 



— 78 — 

ere, mais je pourrai y aller Fannee prochaine (.== No, 
I have not been able last year, but I shall be able to 
go next year). Veut-il le faire (== Is he willing to do 
it) ? A-t-il voulu le faire (i= Did he want to do it) ? 
Voudra-t-il le faire demain ( = Will he be willing to do 
it to-morrow) ? 

PRONUNCIATION AND TRANSLATION OF TEXT, 
PAGE 64 

Oh-zhoor-dwee voo pr"nay-z-iin Y'ssohng. To-day 
you take a lesson. 

Ee-yair voo-z-av-vay pree-z-iin F'ssolm^. Yesterday 
you took a lesson. 

D"main<7 voo prahfi^-dray-z-iiii l"ssoh?i<7. To-mor- 
row you will take a lesson. 

Pr"nay voo-z-iin F'ssolm^ oh-zhoor-dwee ? Do you 
take a lesson to-day ? 

Wee, zh"prah^-z-iin Y'ssohng oh-zhoor-dwee. Yes, 
I take a lesson to-day. 

Av-vay-voo pree-z-iin l"ssohn^r ee-yair ? Did you take 
a lesson yesterday ? 

Wee, zhay pree-z-iin Y'ssohng ee-yair. Yes, I took a 
lesson yesterday. 

Prahn^-dray voo-z-iin l"ssohri# d"marn#? Will you 
take a lesson to-morrow ? 

Wee, zh"prahn<?-dray-iin Y'ssohng d"mai?2^. Yes, 
I shall take a lesson to-morrow. 

L" pro-fess-soer dun-t-il dai l"ssohng oh-zhoor-dwee ? 
Does the teacher give lessons to-day? 

L" pro-fess-seur at-il dunnay dai l"ssotm# ee-yair? 
Did the teacher give lessons yesterday ? 



— 79 — 

L" pro-fess-soer dun"rah-t-il dai P'ssohn*? &"meLing? 
Will the teacher give lessons to-morrow ? 

Mahn^-zhohng-noo too-lai-zhoor ? Do we eat every 
day? 

Ah-vohn#-noo mahn^-zhay ee-yair? Did we eat yes- 
terday ? 

Mahft#-zh"rotm(7-noo d"mam#? Shall we eat to-mor- 
row? 

Lai-z-ellaiv v'yen-t-il ah leckull ? Do the pupils come 
to the school ? 

Lai-z-ellaiv soh^-t-il v'nii ee-yair? Did the pupils 
come yesterday? 

Lai-z-ellaiv v'yam^-drohn^r-t-il d"mam<7? Will the 
pupils come to-morrow ? 

K" f'ray-voo d'main^rf What will you do to-mor- 
row? 

K" f'ray-zh? What shall I do? 

K" f'rat-il? What will he do? 

K" f "rohn#-noo ? What shall we do ? 

K" f "rohngr-t-il ? What will they do ? 

Zh"parrl"ray, zh-eckreeray, zh"leeray, zh' ? mahngr- 
zh"ray, zh"bwahray, I shall speak, I shall write, I shall 
read, I shall eat, I shall drink, etc., etc., etc. 

(Page 65.) 

Leeray-voo l"zhoor-nahl d"mam# mattain^f Will 
you read the newspaper to-morrow morning ? — Eckree- 
ray-voo dai lettr s"swahr ? Will you write letters this 
evening ? — Mahng-zh"ray voo d"lah v'yahng-d ah dee- 
nay s"wahr ? Will you eat meat at dinner this evening ? 
— Bwahray-voo dii vaing ? Will you drink wine ? — 



— 80 — 

V-yain#-dray-voo-z-issy d"main#? Will you come here 
to-morrow ? — Eeray-voo-z-ah Pah-ree lettay pro-shain# ? 
Will you go to Paris next summer ? — Ess-k"zh"voo 
vairay d'main^ f Shall' I see you to-morrow ? — Kel 
leevr leerohn^r-noo ah lah pro-shain Y'ssohng? What 
book shall we read at our next lesson ? — Parrl"rohn#- 
noo frahng-sai ah lah pro-shain T'ssohn^? Shall we 
speak French at our next lesson ? — Sorrtee-rohn^noo 
apprai lah l"ssoh?i# ? Shall we go out after the lesson ? 
— M"s-yo Bair-litz v-yaing-drat-il lah s"main pro- 
shain ? Will Mr. Berlitz come next week ? — Eerat-il 
shay-voo ? Will he go to your home ? — Lai-z-ellaiv 
eckree-rohn#-t-il dai-z-eg-zair-siss poor lah pro-shain 
Y'ssohng? Will the pupils write exercises for the next 
lesson ? — Lai d'mwah-zel mahn^r-zh"rohn^-t-el dai 
bolmg-bohtt#-z-apprai lah Y'ssohng? Will the young 
ladies eat bonbons after the lesson ? — Best "rohng-t-el- 
z-issy oo sorrteerolm^-t-el ? Will they remain here or 
will they go out ? 

Zhohray, I shall have ; il ohrah, he will have ; noo-z- 
oh-rohn<7, we shall have; voo-z-oh-ray, you will have; 
il-z-oh-rohn^ they will have. 

Mad-mwah-zel, avvai-voo ung shappoh? Mademoi- 
selle, have you a hat ? — Ohray-voo T'maim shappoh 
F'annay pro-shain oo wng noo-voh shappoh ? Will you 
have the same hat next year or a new hat ? — Ohray-voo 
dai bee-yai s"swahr poor l"ohpay-rah? Will you have 
tickets this evening for the opera ? — Ohray-voo boh-koo 
ah trah-vi-yai 1 d"main^f Will you have much work 
to-morrow ? — Oh-rohng-noo dii vain# s"swahr ah dee- 

i Pronounce I as in the English word " lie." 



— 81 — 

nai ? Shall we have wine this evening at dinner ? — 
Lai-z-ellaiv-z-oh-rohn^f-t-il dai leevr ah la proshain 
l"ssohw#? Will the pupils have books at the next les- 
son ? — Lai dam-z-oh-rolm#-t-el d"noovell rubb lannay 
pro-shain? Will the ladies have new dresses next 
year ? 

Zh'Vray, I shall be ; il s"rah, he will be ; noo s'^ohn^ 
we shall be; voo s"ray, you will be; il s"rohn<7, they 
will be. 

Ait-voo-z-ah Pah-ree mam#t"nan<7 P Are you in 
Paris now ? — S"ray-voo-z-ah Pah-ree lannay pro-shain ? 
Will you be in Paris next year ? — M"s-yo Bair-litz ettil 
issy? Is Mr. Berlitz here? — S"rat-il issy d"maift#? 
Will he be here to-morrow ? — Sum-noo-z-ah tahbl 
main#-t"nahw# ? Are we at table now? — S"rohn#- 
noo-z-ah tahbl ah set-oer s"swahr ? Shall we be at ta- 
ble at seven o'clock this evening ? — Lai maggazzain# 
solm^-til-z-oovair ipahng-dahng lah s"main? Are the 
shops open during the week ? — S"rohn^-t-il-z-oovair 
dee-mahn^-sh pro-shain*; f • Will they be open next Sun- 
day ? — Lai tay-ahtr sohn^-t-il f airrmay sihng ettay ? 
Are the theatres closed in summer ? — S"rolm<7-t-il f airr- 
may leevair pro-shain^ ? Will they be closed next 
winter ? 

LE TEMPS FUTUR 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Tres occupe (traiz occiipay) very busy; rien a faire, 
nothing to do, de bonne heure, early. 

Remark 62: "Si" (see) is used for " yes " in- 
stead of " oui " after a negative question. Examples: 
Etes-vous Anglais? Oui. Are you English? Yes. 



— 82 — 

A 

Etes-vous Kusse? Non. Are you Kussian? No. 
N'etes-vous pas Anglais I Si. Are you not English ? 
Yes, I am. 

Peintre (pain#-tr) painter; tableau, picture; ma- 
tinee, afternoon theatrical ; retenir (r"t"neer) retain, en- 
gage; a l'avance, in advance; entr'actes (alm^-tract) in- 
termission; prendre l'air, to go out into the fresh air; 
representation (r"prayzahn^r-tass-yoh?i^) performance; 
souperons (soop"rohn#) shall take supper; eh bien! 
well! amener 1 (am"nay) to bring a person; il amenera 
(ammain"rah) he will bring; femme (fam) wife; 
j'aime mieux (zhaim m-yo) I like better, I prefer; une 
autre fois (fwah), another time; c'est bien, very well; 
en ville, in town; a la campagne (kahn^-pie-n-ye) 2 in 
the country. 

Exeecises : Question 6. Will you be at home this 
evening? — 11. aimerez vous mieux, will you like bet- 
ter, i.e. would you rather? — 18. en voiture (vwah-tiir) 
in a carriage. — 28. rendre visite, to pay a visit. — 35. 
leur ecrirez-vous, will you write to them ? 



LE VOYAGE 

(L" vwah-yazh.) Travelling 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Yoici des villes (vwahssee dai vill) here are some 
cities. Pronunciation: Paree, Lee-yohn#, Marrsay- 
ye, 2 Borrdoh, ~Nahngt, Shairboor, L"Ahvr, Roo-ahn#, 

i " apporter," to bring something which you carry. 
2 Pronounce " pie " as in English and the " ye " as the y in 
"yes" or the i in "onion." 



— 83 — 

Lill, Rainess, Lohngr-dr, Eddain^-boor, Bairlain^ V-yen, 
Rum, Meelahn<7, Pettrograd, Moskoo, Briissell, Lah Ay, 
Bahl, Zh"naiv, Kopennag, Stokolm. 

Nommez quelques villes d'Europe, s'il vous plait. 
(Xummay kelk" vil dorop, sil voo plai.) 
Name a few cities of Europe, if you please. 

Pays (pay-ee) country, countries: 
Pronunciation: Lah Erahngss, Lahn^F'tair (Eng- 
land) Lal-mm-ye, 1 lah Riissee, Loh-trish-Ohn^-gree 
(Austria-Hungary) lah Swiss, Lit-talee, Les-pm-ye 
(Spain), 1" Portugal, lah Bel-zhick, lah Oh-lahn^d, 1" 
Dan-marrk, lah Swaid, lah Norrvaizh, lais Ettahz-iinee 
(the United States). 

Capitale (kappeetal) capital; dans le midi, in the 
south; pres de (prai d") near; loin de (lwam# d") far 
from; kilometre (keelomaitr) about % of an English 
mile; distance (disstahn^ss) ; Versailles (Vairsi-ye 1 ) ; 
l'ecole Berlitz, the Berlitz School; maison (maizohng) 
house; d'ici, from here; arc de Triomphe (ark d" tree- 
ohngff) triumphal arch; a pied, on foot; voyager 
(vwah-yah-zhay) to travel; chemin de fer (ch"main# 
d" fair) railway; train (tvaing) ; bateau (battoh) 
boat; paquebot (pack-boh) packetboat, regular passenger 
boat, liner; combien de jour faut-il (fohtil) how many 
days does it take; environ (ahn^-veerohn^) about, ap- 
proximately; consulter (kolm^-sultay) to consult; indi- 
cateur (aing-dee-kattoer) time table; rapide (rappeed) 
fast, fast train ; train omnibus (un>nee-biiss) slow pas- 

1 Pronounce I as the ic in the English " lie " ; the " ye " as the 
y in "yes." 



r- 84 — 

senger train; lent (lahng) slow; s'arretent-ils (sarrait- 
til) do they stop; train de luxe (liix) special saloon 
train; wagon-lit (vaggohng-lee) sleeping car; wagon- 
restaurant (restorahn^) dining car; repas (r"pah) re- 
past, meal. 



LE VOYAGE 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Plaisir (plaizeer) pleasure; quitter (kittay) to leave ; 
continent (kohng-tiimahng) , sans avoir ete (sahngz- 
ahvwahr ettay) without having been ; idee (eeday) idea; 
me plait (m" plai) pleases me (instead of the Eng- 
lish " I like something " we often say in French " some- 
thing pleases me," quelque chose me plait). Nous 
pourrons rester, we can remain, we shall be able to re- 
main; la traversee (trahvairsay) the crossing; la Manche 
(mahn^sh) the English Channel; par un beau temps, 
in fine weather; comment irons-nous, how shall we go; 
Douvres (doovr) Dover; voyageur (vwah-yazh-oer) trav- 
eller; en mer (ahng mair) on the sea i.e. crossing; une 
mauvaise mer, a rough sea ; je viendrai vous prendre, I 
shall come and get you ; chez vous, at your house ; c'est 
cela, that is right, just so; a demain, good-bye till to- 
morrow. 

Exercises: Question 2. A-t-il deja ete, has "he al- 
ready been; 11. vous plait autant que, pleases you as 
much as, do you like it as well as; 15. d'abord (dabbor) 
at first; 19. entouree d'eau (ahwg-tooray d'oh) sur- 
rounded by water; 21. faut-il prendre, is it necessary to 
take ; 22. bras de mer, arm of the sea, inlet ; en allant, 



— ss - 

when going; 25. principales lignes (praiwg-sippahl lin- 
ye) principal lines ; 28. que celle, than the one ; 33. vite 
(vit) fast; lentement (lah?i#t"mah?i#) slowly ("lent" 
is an adjective, lentement an adverb) ; 38. what will they 
do before visiting Paris; 39. le lendemain (lalmgf-d"- 
maiw#) next day; le lendemain matin, next morning. 



LE DEPART 

(L" Daypar) The Departure 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Emporter (almgporrter) to carry away, to take away 
with you. 

Remark 63: Notice the difference between "em- 
porter" and " apporter " to carry hither i.e. to bring; 
" porter " without prefix means simply " carry." Com- 
pare: " amener " (ah-m"nay to lead hither i.e. to bring) 
with " emmener " (ah?i#-m"nay to lead away, to take 
along with you) ; " mener " alone means " to lead." In 
accordance with the different meanings of " porter " and 
"mener" and their compounds, the former is used 
when you bring or take away by carrying (as an object 
or a baby), the latter when you bring or take away 
something that you do not carry (a person, an animal, 
an auto). 

La malle, trunk; garcon (garrsohn#) boy, waiter, 
servant ; qui est-ce qui" is a stronger form of " qui " 
who; la gare, the railway station; image (imm^zh) pic- 
ture; la voie (vwah) railway track, way; a droite 
(drwat) at the right; a gauche (gosh) at the left. 



— 86 — 

Avant de tnonter dans le train, before getting on the 
train; billets (bee-yay) tickets; gnichet (gheeshay) 
booking office, ticket window, cashier's window, etc* 
" une premiere " elliptical for " un billet de premiere 
classe"; Fontainebleau (fohngf-ten-bloh) ; repeter (rep- 
pettay) repeat; je comprends (kohng-yrahng) I under- 
stand; vous comprenez (kohn#pr"nay) you under- 
stand; employe (ahng-plwah-yay) employee. Facteur 
(factoer) porter; numero (niimay-roh) number. 

Remark 6 J/.: " Numero " is used for distinguishing 
houses, seats, sizes, etc. — nombre (nohn^-br) number, 
for counting and calculating. 

Enregistrer (alm<7-r"zhistray) to register, to book, to 
check; bagages (baggazh) baggage, luggage; faites en- 
registrer mes bagages, have my luggage booked. 

Remark 65: When the English "have" or "get" 
with a past participle indicates that we cause some one 
to do something for us, we use in French " faire " with 
an infinitive, examples: je porte mes bagages, I carry 
my baggage; je fais porter mes bagages, I have my bag- 
gage carried (by some one else). 

Colis (kolee) pieces of baggage; bagages a main, hand 
baggage; bulletin (bull"tain<?) receipt, check; crie 
(kree) cries out; occupe (oh-ku-pay) occupied; coin 
(kwsiing) corner; libre free; combien d'arret (arrai) 
how long a stop; le train s'arrete (sarraitt) the train 
stops. 



— 87 — 

LE DEPART 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Celui-ci (s"lwee-see) this one, the latter; fait ses 
preparatifs, makes his preparations, gets ready ; son Huge 
(lain#-zh) his linen; brosse (brass) brash; peigne 
(pay-n) comb ; pantoufles, slippers ; dormir, to sleep ; em- 
paqueter (ahn<7-pack"tay) to pack; ses effets (efTay) his 
things, his goods; ami (ammee) friend; vous voila, here 
you are ; en avance, ahead of time ; il n'est que 6 heures, 
it is but 6 o'clock ; j'aime mieux ; I like better, I prefer ; 
en retard (r"tar) behind time; deja (day-zhah) already; 
dormi (dormee) slept; envoyer (alm^-vwah-yai) to 
send; avez-vous fait les votres, have you packed yours; 
pret (prai) ready; je vais chercher, I'm going to fetch 
— chercher (shairshay) to seek, to look for; en atten- 
dant (ahwg-nat-tah?i<7-dahn#) while waiting, meanwhile ; 
que je n'ai pu mettre, which I could not put; attend 
(attahng) waits, is waiting; je vous prie, I pray you; 
interieur (ain^-tair-yoer) inside; tout pres (too prai) 
very near ; au bout (oh boo) at the end ; rue (rii) street ; 
combien faut-il payer, how much must we pay; cocher 
(koshay) driver, coachman; cadran (kad-rahn^r) dial; 
la course (koorss) the trip, the drive ; pourboire (poor- 
bwahr) gratuity, tip; nous voici, here we are; pendant 
que je, whilst I ; peser (p"zay) to weigh ; environ (eihng- 
veerotmg) about, approximately; avons-nous droit 
(drwah), have we a right i.e. are we entitled to; tout 
le parcours (too 1" parrkoor) the entire way, the whole 
line; beige, Belgian; aucune (ohkiinn) none whatever; 
franchise (frahwgsheez) free luggage; internationaux 



— 88 — 

(aiw<7-tair-nass-yo-noh) plural of " international " (am#- 
tair-nass-yo-nahl) ; alors (ahlor) then; excedent (exsay- 
d'dhng) overweight; salle d'attente (sail dattahn<7t) wait- 
ing room. 

Exercises : Question 4. En voyageant, when trav- 
elling. — 7. le meme soir, the same evening. — 8. le lende- 
main matin, next morning. — 26. Why did he rise early ? 
— 32. What is Mr. B. going to do ? — 41. quel prix 
(pree) il faut payer, what price we must pay. — 42. 
auront-ils a payer, have they to pay. — 49. couter (coo- 
tay) to cost. — 54. apres avoir fait enregistrer, after hav- 
ing had their luggage booked. — 56. attendre, to wait. 



L'ARRIVEE 

(Larreevay) The arrival 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Erquelines (airk"leen) a small town near the Belgian 
frontier; frontiere (frohn^t-yair) frontier; douane 
(dwan) custom house; on visite (veezeet) one visits i.e. 
there are visited; se passe, takes place; douanier (dwan- 
yay) custom official ; cigares (seegar) ; * tabac (tahbah) ; 
faut-il ouvrir, must I open ; puis-je fermer, may I close ; 
nous descendons (dess-salm^-dohng) we get down, get 
off; chercher (shairshay) to look for, to get; conduire 
(koh?i^-dweer) to conduct, to drive; Hotel Continental 
(ohtell kohng-tee-nahng-tsihl) ; chambre (shahn^-br) 

i We shall indicate only the pronunciation when a word has 
the same meaning in French as in English. 



— 89 — 

room; je voudrais (zh" voodrai) I should like to have; 
voudriez-vous (voodree-ay-voo) would you like to have; 
etage (ettazh) story, floor; maison (m&izohng) house; 
rez de chaussee (rai-d" shohssay) ground floor ; entresol 
(alm^-tr-sol) mezzanine floor; ascenseur (assalm#-soer) 
lift, elevator ; f aites monter nos bagages, have our luggage 
brought up; apportez-nous, bring us; eau fraiche (oh 
fraish) fresh water — the masculine of " fraiche " is 
" frais " (frai) — ; faites du feu, make a fire; calori- 
fere (kal-oree-fair) heater, radiator; trop chaud, too 
warm; salle a manger, dining room; restaurant (resto- 
rahng) ; cafe au lait, coffee with milk; cafe complet 
(kohn#play) coffee with rolls; beurre (beer) butter; 
chocolat (shokolah) ; encore (ahn^-kor) more, still; 
petits pains, rolls; croissants (krwah-sahn^) crescents; 
un oeuf (ung-n-ceff) an egg; deux oeufs (doz-o) two eggs 
(the f is pronounced in the singular but not in the 
plural) ; dur (diir), hard, hard boiled ; a la coque, in the 
shell, i.e. soft boiled; sur le plat, on the plate i.e. fried 
eggs; gargon (garrsohng) waiter; menu (m"nii) bill of 
fare; potage (potazh) thick soup; huitres (wittr) oys- 
ters; citron (sit-vohng) lemon; homard (oh-mar) lob- 
ster; bifteck, beefsteak; rosbif, roastbeef; roti, roast; 
veau (voh) veal, mouton (mootohng) mutton; poulet 
(poolay) chicken; jambon (zh&hng-bohng) ham; as- 
perges (aspairzh) asparagus; haricots (arreecoh) beans; 
petits pois (p"tee pwah) green peas ; une glace a la va- 
nille (glass ah lah vannee-ye) vanilla ice; framboise 
(frahn^r-bwahz) raspberry; glace au cafe, coffee ice; 
peche (paish) peach; du raisin (raizain#) grapes; or- 



— 90 — 

ange (ohrahngzh) . L'addition (addiss-yohng) the ad- 
dition, the bill; dix pour-cent (dee-poor-salmg) ten per 
cent. 



L'ARRIVEE 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Nous approchons (ap-prosh-ohng) we approach; forti- 
fications (for-tif-fick-ass-yohn^) ; la gare du Nord, the 
northern Terminus; alors (ahlor) then, in that case; 
couvertures (koovairtiir) rugs. Prenons, let us take; 
f aisons porter nos valises, let us have our bags carried ; 
il y en a cinq en tout, there are five in all; vous nous 
accompagnerez, you will come with us ; allons chercher, 
let us look for; par ici, this way; nous aurons bientot 
fini (nooz ovohng b'yain^r-toh finnee) we shall have soon 
finished; rien du tout (r-yain^ du too) nothing at all; 
nous n'avons plus rien a faire, we have nothing further 
to do; passez-moi done ce paquet, do hand me that 
package; genoux (zh"noo) knees; tres mouvementee 
(trai moov-mahn^-tay) full of traffic; sommes-nous deja 
arrives, have we already arrived; chambre a deux lits 
(lee) bedroom with two beds ; ces messieurs veulent-ils 
prendre, will the gentlemen take. 

Remark 66: Employees and servants address their 
patrons in the third person, as, " Monsieur, Madame," 
etc., instead of " vous." 

Ou. donne cette fenetre, where does this window look 
to; une cour interieure (coor ain^-tair-yoer) court-yard; 
libre, free ; le devant, the front ; nous en avons une, we 
have one; desirer (daiseeray) to desire; elle me plait 



— 91 — 

aussi, it pleases me also i.e. I like it also ; retenir (r"t"- 
neer) to engage; nous retenons (r"t"nohwy) we engage. 

Veuillez entrer par ici (voy-yaiz-alm#tray) will you 
come this way, please — the word " veuillez " accom- 
panied by an infinitive is frequently used as a term of 
politeness like: please, kindly. 

La carte (karrt) bill of fare, menu; voyons ce qu'il 
y a (vwah-yotmg' s-kil-ee-ah) let us see what there is; 
poisson (pwah-ssorm#) fish; oui, parfaitement, yes, very 
well; bifteck nature (nattiir) beefsteak plain without 
vegetables; dessert (dessair) ; volontiers vololm#t-yay) 
gladly; tout est regie, all is settled; guide (gheed) ; 
c'est cela, that's it. 

Carte du jour, menu, bill of fare; radis (raddee) 
radishes; anchois (alm^-shwah) anchovies; beurre, but- 
ter ; oeufs brouilles (6 broo-yay) scrambled eggs ; navarin 
aux pommes, mutton stew with potatoes ; gigot (zheegoh) 
roast leg of mutton; epinards (eppinnar) spinach; jus 
(zhu) meat juice; choux-fleurs, cauliflower; cerises 
(s"reez) cherries; ananas, pineapple. 

Exercises: Question 3. — Que vont-il faire, what 
are they going to do. — 6. Oil se font-il conduire, where 
do they have themselves driven. — 7. trajet (trahzhay) 
trip. — 14. situee (sittiiay) situated. — 17. Ou se ren- 
dent-ils (oo s" rahng-ti\) where do they betake them- 
selves i.e. where do they go. — 24. What does one call the 
list of viands served in a restaurant X — 26. comme hors 
d'oeuvre (or d'oevr) as relishes, — 32, fort (for) strong. 



— 92 — 

A PARIS 

(Ah Paree) In Paris 
Les Magasins. (Lai Maggazzam^. ) The Shops. 

INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Ville, city; rue (rii) street; maison, house; pietons 
(p-yet-ohn<7) pedestrians; au rez-de-chaussee (oh rai 
d"shohssay) on the ground floor ; ou autre chose, or any- 
thing else; vendre 1 (valmgdr) to sell; acheter (ash"- 
tay) to buy; je voudrais (voo-drai) I should like to; le 
rayon (ray-ohng) des parapluies, the umbrella depart- 
ment ; en disant (deezah?2#) saying; au fond, in the back, 
in the rear ; montrez-moi, show me ; f aites-moi voir, let 
me see ; en soie (ahng swah) of silk ; celui-ci (s"lwee-see) 
this one ; celui-la, that one ; qualite (kahlittay) quality ; 
gants de peau (gahng d" poh) kid gloves; gants de fil, 
thread gloves (i.e. of silk, linen or cotton) ; trop (tro) 
too; pointure, the number, the size; vous demandez le 
prix (pree) you ask for the price. 



A PARIS. LES MAGASINS 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Promenons-nous (prum"nohn^-noo) let us take a 
walk; boulevards (booPvar) ; Capucines (kappusseen") 
nasturtions — here the name of a street; foule (fool) 
crowd; trottoir (trut-wahr) pavement, sidewalk; que de 
voitures, what a lot of carriages; chaussee (shohssay) 

i For the different forms of the verb " vendre," as also the 
other verbs, see Tableau at the end of the book, 



— 93 — 

road, drive-way; etalage (ettah-lazh) show case, goods 
displayed; un bel 1 assortiment (bel assorrteemahng) 
fine assortment; vitrine (vittreen) show window; chape- 
lier (shap"l-yay) hatter; tailleur (tie 2 -yoer) tailor; com- 
ment tronvez-vous, how do you find, how do you like; 
etoffe (ettufi) material; vetement complet (kohn^-play) 
entire suit of clothes; toutes les dames s'y arretent (see 
arrait) all the ladies stop here; bijoutier (beezhoot-yay) 
jeweller; que de beaux bijoux (beezhoo) what a lot of 
beautiful jewels; bague (bag) ring; elle est montee d'un 
diamant magnifique (d-yam-almg man-yee-feek) it is set 
with a magnificent diamond; en face (fass) opposite; 
dechire (daysheeray) torn; que puis-je vous montrer, 
what may I show you; chevreau (sh'Vroh) kid; peau 
(poh) skin; souple, soft; solide (soleed) strong; ceux-ci 
(so-see) these; cher (shair) dear; bon marche, cheap; 
meilleur marche, cheaper ; si, yes indeed ; nous en avons 
d'autres, we have some others; je vais prendre, I am 
going to take; et avec cela, and what else (may I sell 
you) ; rien d'autre, nothing else; a la caisse, at the cash- 
ier's desk; caissier (kaiss-yay) cashier; rendant la mon- 
naie, returning the change ; nous voila de nouveau, here 
we are again; bientot, soon. 

Exekcises : Question 5. — D'abord (dabbdr) at first. 
— 8. Qui attire le regard (r"gar) which attracts the 
eyes. — 12. Dans quel etat (ettah) in what state, in what 
condition. — 16. I have my hat since a year i.e. I've had 
my hat for a year. — 26. Enfin (ahng-iaing) finally. — 

i " Bel " is used instead of " beau " when the following word 
is a noun beginning with a vowel or silent h. 
2 Pronounce tie as in English. 



— 94 — 

27. avant d'acheter, before buying; apres avoir achete, 
after having bought. — 29. Prolongent-ils (prolohn^-zh- 
t-il).— 30. Why not. 

Remark 67: " Neuf " (nof) and " nouveau " mean 
both " new " the former in the sense of " just made, just 
bought, not used/' the latter in the sense of " different, 
recent " as : a new style. " Un livre neuf " is a book 
just bought or never used, " un nouveau livre " is a new, 
another book or one just published. The feminine forms 
are " neuve," " nouvelle." The opposites are " vieux " 
(fern, vieille) old, used, — ancien (fern, ancienne) old, 
former. 



A PARIS 

UKE PROMENADE BANS LES HUES 

(Un prum-nad dating lai rii.) A stroll through the 

streets. 

INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Connaitre (kun-naitr) to know, to be acquainted with ; 
connaissez-vous (kunness-say-voo), do you know; ren- 
seignements (rahn^-sayn-ye-mahn^) information, di- 
rections; suivez (sweevay) follow; remontez (r"molm#- 
tay) go up; descendez (dessahn^-day) go down; tout 
droit (too drwah) straight ahead. 

II faut (foh) it is necessary : il me faut — I must ; il 
vous faut — you must; il lui faut — he (she) must; il 
nous faut — we must; il leur faut — they must. Le 
besoin (b"zwain#) the need; j'ai besoin de, I am in 
need of, I need ; note that in French we say " I have 
need of," La langue (lahng-gh) the tongue, 



— 95 — 

A PARIS — UNE PROMENADE 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

De quel cote, on which side, in which direction ; de- 
ce cote-ci, on this side, in this direction ; erige, erected ; 
inaugure inaugurated; qui nous entourent (ahn^-toor) 
which surround us; avenue (ahv"nii) ; opera (ohpay- 
rah) ; de l'autre cote, on the other side ; rue de la Paix 
(pai) Peace Street; rayons (rayohng) rays; etoile 
(ettwahl) star; centre (sahn^-tr) ; quartier (karrt-yay) 
quarter, region; riche (rish) rich; tiens (t-yaing) well, 
well ! (exclamation of surprise) ; ou cela, where ; placee, 
situated; je veux bien, I am willing; soif (swaff) thirst; 
faim (iaing) hunger. 

Remark 68: In French you cannot say " I am 
thirsty, I am hungry," but you must say : " I have hun- 
ger, j'ai faim; I have thirst, j'ai soif. J'ai bien soif, I 
am very thirsty." 

Si, yes (" si " is used instead of " oui " after a nega- 
tive question) ; asseyons-nous dehors, let us take a seat 
outside ; qu'aimez-vous mieux, which do you like better 
— what do you prefer ; moi aussi, I also ; avez-vous envie 
(ahn^-vee) have you a desire i.e. would you like, do you 
wish; servez (sairvay) serve, bring; bock, a glass of 
beer ; demi (d"mee) half i.e. half a litre ; un quart (kar) 
quarter of a litre; de la monnaie, small change; nous 
aurons besoin, we shall need; en nous promenant, dur- 
ing our stroll ; je n'ai que, I have only ; billets de banque, 
bank notes, paper money; fatigue (fatteegay) tired; 
fiacre (f-yak-r) cab; suivez doucement (sweevay dooss"- 
m&hng) follow slowly; batiment, building; palais (pa- 



— 96 — 

lai) palace; roi (rwah) king; peinture (pai?i#-tiir) 
painting ; musee de peinture, picture gallery ; sculpture 
(skultiir) ; jusqu'au (zhiiss-ko) as far as; pont (poh?i#) 
bridge; mener (m"nay) to drive, to lead; cite, city (in 
Paris an island in the Seine) ; la rive gauche, the left 
bank ; Hotel des Invalides (ohtell daiz ain^-vah-leed) old 
soldier's home; tombeau, tomb; rentrer, get home; 
Champs Elysees (shalmgs elleezay). 

Exercises : Question 1. En recommengant, when re- 
suming. — 2. How do they like the opera ? — 3. Since 
how long has the opera been finished ? -r- 14. Petits 
garcons, little boys. — 17. a haute voix (ah oht vwah) in 
a high voice i.e. loudly. — 19. De quoi auront ils besoin, 
what will they need. — 20. vous fatigue, tires you. — 21. 
sans se fatiguer, without getting tired. — 23. a la course, 
by the trip. — 29. rentrer chez eux, return to their lodg- 
ing. — 31. de vos propres yeux, with your own eyes. — 
tout ce dont nous avons parle, all that of which we have 
spoken. — 32. Alors, then. 



A LA CAMPAGNE 

(Ah lah Karm#-pm-ye. ) In the Country. 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Remark 69: " Campagne " is opposite to "ville," 
but if the word country is to mean the whole land the 
word " pays " (pay-ee) must be used. Examples : a la 
campagne, in the country, en ville, in the town, in the 
city; mon pays, my country. La France est un beau 
pays, France is a beautiful country ; nous passons Pete a 
la campagne, we spend the summer in the country. 



— 97 — 

" En campagne " does not mean in the country, but " in 
a campaign " i.e. in war. 

Remark 70: Dans and en mean both "in"; the 
former is followed by a determinative adjective or ar- 
ticle, the latter by the noun alone in a vague sense. Ex- 
amples : En main, in hand ; dans la main, in the hand. — 
En ville, in town ; dans la ville, in the town. — En 
classe ; dans ma classe. " En " can be used for " in " 
in certain idioms only, whilst " dans " is used much 
more frequently. " A " also means in, at; it is nearly 
always followed by an article or other determinative 
word. Its meaning is more vague than that of " dans." 
Examples : a l'ecole, at school, in school ; dans l'ecole, in 
the school ; — a la maison, at home ; dans la maison, in 
the house. 

Montagne (moh?i#-tm-ye) mountain; vallee (vallay) 
valley; prairie, meadow; champ (shalm*/) field; jardin 
(zharrdaing) garden; village (villazh) ; villa (villah) 
country cottage. Haut, haute, high 1 ; bas, basse (bah, 
bahss) low; herbe (airb) grass; marguerites (margh"- 
rit) daisies; boutons d'or (bootohw# dor) buttercups; 
ble, wheat ; oeillets (oy-yay) pinks, carnations ; legumes 
(leggiim) vegetables; arbre, tree; arbres fruitiers (arrbr 
frweet-yay) fruit-trees; pousser, to grow; produire 
(prodweer) to produce, to bring forth; pommier (pum- 
yay) apple-tree; poirier (pwahr-yai) pear-tree; fraisier 
(raiz-yai) strawberry-plant; feuilles (foy-ye) leaves. 

i In " haut, haute " and a small number of other words the h 
is considered " aspirated," as it was pronounced some time ago, 
but at present it is not pronounced but merely prevents the con- 
traction of the article and the carrying over of the final con- 
sonant of the preceding word. 



— 98 — 

A LA CAMPAGNE 

LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Causer, to talk, to converse ; en marchant, whilst walk- 
ing; encore plus, still more; nous nous assierons, we 
shall seat ourselves, we shall sit down; garantir de, to 
protect from ; il fait tres bon, it is very pleasant ; ombre 
(ohnghr) shade; il a beaucoup plu, it rained much; 
terre (tair) earth, ground; tapis (tappee) carpet; vue 
(vii) view, sight; verdure (vairdur) verdure, green- 
ness; au milieu (oh mil-yo) in the middle; plus loin 
(iwaing) farther away; faites-en (fet-z-almg) make of 
them ; bouquet (bookay) ; emporter, to take away, to 
take, along ; temps de rentrer, time to go home ; passons 
par ici, let us pass this way; cerise (s"reez) cherry; 
cerisier (s"reez-yay) cherry-tree; prune (prim) plum; 
pruneau, prune ; prunier, plum-tree ; tout cela, all that ; 
appartenir (apparrt"neer) to belong; appartient (ap- 
parrt-yamg) belongs; Dubois 7 (Dubwah) ; qui entoure, 
which surrounds ; il y cultive, he cultivates there ; je le 
connais, I know him; delicieuse (day-liss-yoz) ; embau- 
mee (alm^-boh-may) scented; rosier (rohz-yay) rose- 
bush; j'en ai (zhahn^-n-ay) I have some; chaque (shak) 
every ; cueillir (koy-yeer) cull, pluck, pick ; boutonniere, 
(booton-yair) button hole, button hole bouquet. 



— 99 — 

LES ANIMAUX 1 

(Laiz-animaux) Animals 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 

Animaux domestiques : cheval (sh"val) horse; boeuf 
(beef ) ox, — plural " boeufs " (bo) oxen — (note that in 
the singular " boeuf " the f is pronounced but not in the 
plural) ; vache (vash) cow; ane (ahn) donkey; mouton 
(mootohwg) sheep; chien (sh-yaing) dog; chat (shah) 
cat. 

Animaux sauvages (soh-vazh) wild animals: lion 
(l-yohng) lion; tigre (teegr) tiger; ours (oorss) bear; 
loup (loo) wolf; renard (r"nar) fox. 

Oiseaux (wahzoh) birds: poule (pool) hen; canard 
(cannar) duck; oie (wah) goose; paon (parmg) pea- 
cock; aigle (aigl) eagle; autruche (ohtriish) ostrich; hi- 
bou (heeboo) owl; hirondelle (eerohn^-dell) swal- 
low; moineau (mwah-noh) sparrow. 

Autres animaux (ohtr-z-anneemoh) other animals; 
poisson (pwahssolm<?) fish; serpent (sairpatm#) serpent, 
snake; grenouille (gr"nooy-ye) frog; abeille (abbay-ye) 
bee. 

Quadrupede (kwad-rii-ped) ; patte, paw. 

Remark 11 : " patte " must be used for " foot " for 
all carnivorous animals, birds, insects, etc., " pied " is 
used only for herbivorous quadrupeds. 

Carnassiers (karnass-yay) carnivorous animals; aile 
(ell) wing; voler (vohlay) to fly; terre (tair) earth; 

i Remember that the plural of words in al is in aux; examples: 
animal, animaux; cheval, chevaux; journal, journaux, etc. 



— 100 — 

n'ont ni . . . ni, have neither . . . nor ; bee, bill, beak ; 
cheveux (sh"vo) human hair on the head; poil (pwahl) 
hair of animals or on the body; plume, feather; nager 
(nah-zhay) to swim; respirer (respeeray) to breathe; 
vivre (veevr) to live; ils vivent (veev) they live. Si 
vous coupez la tete a un animal, if you cut an animal's 
head off; mourir (mooreer) to die; il meurt (moer) he 
dies; des sens (dai sahngs) senses; gouter (gootay) 
taste; organes (orrgann) ; ouie (ooee) the sense of hear- 
ing; odorat (oh-doh-rah) the sense of smell; gout (goo) 
taste; toucher (tooshay) touch; corps (kor) body; pou- 
mons (poomohn^) lungs; respiration (respeerah-ss- 
johng) ; poitrine (pwah-treen) chest, breast; nourri- 
ture (nooreetiir) food; estomac (estohmah) stomach; 
digere (deezhair) digests; digestion (dee-zhest-yolmc/). 
Liquide (lickeed) ; sort (sor) comes out; blessure 
(blessiir) wound; sang (sahng) blood; circule (seerktil) 
circulates; coeur (koer) heart; circulation (seerkiilah-ss- 
yohn#) ; bat (bah) beats ; battre, to beat ; en bonne sante 
(sahn^-tay) in good health ; malade (malladd) ill, sick. 



LES ANIMAUX 

LECTURE ET CONVEESATION 

Les objets (laiz-obzhay) the objects; changer de 
place, to change place, move about; se mouvoir (moov- 
wahr) to move themselves, move about ; l'homme (lum) 
man; la plupart (pliipar) the most; ceux de (so d") 
those of; reside (resseed) resides; siege (s-yaizh) seat; 
se repand (s" reppahwg) spreads itself, is spread; sur 
tout, over all; percevons ( pairs" volmg) we perceive; 



— 101 — 

sons (sohn^) sounds; nous sentons, we feel ; glace (glass) 
ice; chaleur, heat; calorifere, heater, radiator; douleur 
(dooloer) pain; nous nous brulons, we burn ourselves, 
we get burned; nous apercevons, we perceive; mou 
(feminine: molle) soft; dur (feminine: dure) hard. 

Reptiles (repteel) ; amphibies (alm#-fee-bee) ; in- 
sectes (ain#-sect) ; courir (kooreer) run; sauter (soh- 
tay) jump; avec lesquelles (avvek laikell) with which; 
espece (espess) kind, sort; fonctionner (fohn^-ks-yon- 
nay) to work, function ; dans le cas contraire (kah kohng- 
trair) in the contrary case. 

Xageoires (nah-zh-wahr) fins; en nageant, by swim- 
ming; ecailles (ecki-ye) scales; appartient (apparrt- 
yaing) belongs; rampe (rahn^-p) creeps; parmi (parr- 
mee) among; nous citerons (sit^rohng) we shall quote, 
mention; miel (m-y ell) honey; le ver a soie (vair ah 
swah) silk worm; utile (iiteel) useful; la mouche 
(moosh) the fly; le moustique (moostick) mosquito; in- 
utile (in-iiteel), useless; nuisible (nweezeebl) harmful; 
car, for, because ; ils font du mal, they do harm. 

Exercises : Question 4. What do we need in order 
to live. — 8. INTous apercevons-nous de, do we perceive. — 
11. utilite, use, usefulness. — 12. What wild animal 
looks like a big dog. — 21. How does a snake move. — 
24. Does this book belong to you. 



L'HOMME 

(Lum) Man 
INTRODUCTION ORALE 
Semblable (sah^-blahbl) similar; crier (kreeay) to 
cry, scream; penser (palmg-say) to think; cerveau (sair- 



— 102 — 

voh) brain; la pensee (pahn^-say) thought; dans le 
besoin, in the necessity; la parole et la pensee, speech 
and thought. 

Remark 70: "Penser" takes the preposition a for 
the English of, as : I think of you, je pense a vous ; 
think of me, (him, her) pensez a moi (lui, elle). 
Think of your lesson, pensez a votre legon. In the 
sense of " intend " penser is used without any preposi- 
tion. " I think of leaving, je pense partir ; he thinks 
of doing it, il pense le f aire." The question " what do 
you think of something," i.e., how do you like, is " que 
pensez- vous de — que pensez-vous de vos lecons. What 
do you think of your lessons ? Je les aime, I like them. 

Apprendre 1 (apprahng-dr) to learn; enseigner 
(ahri^-say-n-yay) to teach; appris (appree) learned; 
savoir (sav-wahr) to know; je sais (say) I know, vous 
savez (sav-vay) you know, ils savent (il sav) they know; 
J'ai su (sii) I have known, I knew; combien de lecons 
vous avez prises (preez) how many lessons you have 
taken; oublier (ooblee-ay) to forget; memoire (mem- 
wahr) memory. 



L'HOMME 
LECTURE ET CONVERSATION 

Bien des animaux, many animals; perfectionne 
(pairfex-yonnay), perfected; distinguer (distarn#-gay), 
distinguish; suivre (sweevr), to follow; traces (trass) ; 
maitre, master; developpe (dev"lopay), developed; 

i This verb, as also comprendre, to understand, is conjugated 
like " prendre." See verb table at end of book. 



— 103 — 

qui nous fait parler, which makes us speak; images 
(immazh) ; appelees (ap"lay), called; idees (eeday), 
ideas; quand vous etes chez vous, when you are at 
home; quand le couvert est mis, when the table is 
set; intelligent (aing-telly-zhalm#), intelligent, bright; 
facilement (fasseel-mahn#), easily. 

Je sais comment vous vous appelez, I know how you 
call yourself, i.e., what your name is. Je sais ce que 
(zh" say s"k"), I know that which . . . i.e., I know 
what . . . ; nous retenons (r"t"noh?i<7) we retain, we 
keep; retenir (r"t"neer), to retain; il y en a (ill-ee- 
ahmm-ah), there are some; qui nous sortent de la 
tete, which go out of our head (our mind) ; chez 
l'homme (shay lum), with man, in man; sensations 
(sahw^-sass-yolmg), bodily feelings; sentiments (salmg- 
tee-malm#), mental feelings; leurs petits, their little 
ones; l'amour (lammoor), the love; mere (mair), 
mother; bien plus, much more; fort (for), strong; 
eprouver (epproovay), to feel; admiration (admeerahss- 
johng) ; beaute (bohtay), beauty; repulsion (reppiilss- 
yohng), repugnance; laideur (leddoer), ugliness; ani- 
mal mort (mor), dead animal; sale (sahl), dirty; pos- 
seder, to possess; en vous apercevant (appairss'Vahn^), 
when perceiving ; en, of it, for it ; vous en etes content, 
you are glad of it; vous en etes fache (fah-shay), you 
are sorry for it; arriver, to happen; quelque chose 
d'agreable vous arrive, something pleasant happens to 
you ; il m' arrive, it happens to me ; il lui arrive, it hap- 
pens to him (her) ; il vous arrive, it happens to you; il 
leur arrive, it happens to them. 

Exercises: Question 11. Do you know how to 



— 104 — 

swim? 14. Do you know in what year Christopher 
Columbus died? 15. Did vou know it? 



LA FAMILLE 

(Lah fammee-ye) The Family 

Demeurer (d"mceray), to live, to dwell, to reside; 
habiter (abbeetay), to live, to dwell, to inhabit. Con- 
naissez-vous, do you know ? 

Remark 12: " To know a person" must always be 
translated by " connaitre," as " savoir " means only " to 
know a thing," connaitre is sometimes used also for 
things in the sense of having seen the thing or heard 
of it, whilst " savoir " means to have learned it. 

Elle s'occupe de, she is occupied with; enfant 
(ahng-fsihng) , child; elle en a cinq, she has five (en 
which means " of it, of them " is not translated) ; fils 
(fiss), son, sons; fille (fee-ye), daughter; l'aine, the 
eldest; il a quinze ans, he has 15 years, i.e., he is 15 
years old. 

Remark 73: Note the difference between the French 
and the English idioms in speaking of age: How old 
is he, quel age a-t-il (what age has he), he is six years 
old; il a six ans, (he has 6 years) ; a three year old 
child, un enfant de trois ans. 

Plus age, older; jeune, young; la plus jeune, the 
youngest girl; elle est encore toute petite, she is still 
quite little; pere (pair), father; mere (mair), mother; 
frere (frair), brother; soeur (soer), sister; parent 
(parrahng) 1 ; ils y ont vecu, they lived there, (" vecu " 

i " Parent " in French means not only " Father and Mother ' 
but often "relative," as: C'est un parent — he is a relative. 



— 105 — 

is the past participle of "vivre"); ne (nay), born — 
the feminine is nee, plural nes, nees — all have the 
same pronunciation; ainsi que, as also; oncle (ohn#-kl), 
uncle; les gatent (lai gaht), spoil them; leur donnent 
tout ce qu'ils desirent, give them everything they want. 



BILLETS ET LETTRES 

(Beeyay ay Lettr) Short Notes and Letters 

(Pay attention to the expressions of 'politeness in 
French; they are used more frequently than in English.) 



Prier, to pray, request; de leur faire l'honneur de 
venir, to do them the honour of coming; (ils) le prient, 
(they) pray him; d'agreer leurs affectueuses salutations, 
to accept their affectionate greetings. 



ils la prient de vouloir bien, they request her kindly 
to. . . . 



hommages, most respectful greeting; il se rendra, he will 
come ; il se rendra a l'invitation, he will accept the invi- 
tation ; qu'ils ont daigne lui envoyer, which they deigned 
(i.e., which they had the kindness) to send him. 



avec empressemen., with eagerness i.e., cheerfully, 
gladly ; la bonte de lui adresser, the kindness of sending 
to him ; les prie d'agreer tous ses remerciments, requests 
them to accept all their thanks (i.e., their best thanks). 



ses civilites empressees, his eager courtesies (i.e., his best 



— 106 — 

compliments) ; de ne pas pouvoir, not to be able ; aim- 
able, kind ; car, for, as, because. 



cher, dear (feminine " chere," plural " chers, cheres " 
all pronounced " shair ") ; une loge, a box ; joue le role, 
plays the part ; elle se fait entendre, she lets herself be 
heard (i.e., she is heard) ; enchante, enchanted, de- 
lighted; vous prendre chez vous, to get you at your 
home. Meilleures amities a tous les votres, best re- 
gards to all of your family. 



Je viens de recevoir, I have just received (" venir de " 
followed by an infinitive has the meaning of just now; 
a few moments ago) ; celui, d'abord, de passer, first 
the one of spending ; et ensuite celui d'assister, and then 
the one of being present ; tout le monde, everybody ; ne 
m'accompagne qu'aux ceuvres nouvelles, accompanies me 
only to new works (i.e., new pieces). 



je suis tres heureux (feminine " heureuse ") I am very 
happy; d'etre de nouveau, to be again; j'ai bien des 
choses a vous raconter, I have many things to tell you. 
Cordialement, yours cordially. 



Billets d'affaires, business notes. Veuillez me reserver, 
kindly reserve for me ; donnant sur la rue, on the street 
side; de preference, in preference; salle de bain, bath 
room ; salutations empressees, yours very truly. 



Depeche, dispatch 



— 107 — 

Veuillez avoir la bonte, will you have the kindness; 
soieries, silks; ci-joint, inclosed; timbre, stamp; affran- 
chissement, postage. 

actuellement sous presse, at present being printed ; nous 
nous ferons un plaisir, we shall take pleasure ; un exem- 
plaire, a copy ; aussitot paru, as soon as published ; nous 
vous prions d'agreer nos respectueuses salutations, yours 
very respectfully. 



j'ai cesse, I stopped; sans finir, without completing; le 
cours, the course ; au juste, exactly ; reste encore, still re- 
maining ; me le f aire savoir, to let me know it ; ainsi que, 
as also. 



Accuser reception, acknowledge receipt; courant, in- 
stant ; legons particulieres, private lessons ; car nous ne 
savons pas lesquels vous plairont, for we do not know 
which will please you (i.e., suit you) ; passer a notre 
bureau, call at our office ; vous inscrire, to inscribe your- 
self (i.e., to arrange) ; en attendant, awaiting; nous vous 
prions d'agreer l'assurance de notre parfaite considera- 
tion, we have the honour to remain yours very respect- 
fully. 



— 108 — 

APPENDICE 

(Appalmgdiss) Appendix 



EXEMPLES ET EXERCISES I 

Or, gold; argent, silver; fer (fair), iron; cuivre 
(kweevr), copper; cuivre jaune, brass; acier (ass-yay), 
steel; verre (vair), glass; pierre (p-yair), stone; soie 
(swah), silk; velours (v"loor), velvet; laine, wool; 
toile (twahl), linen; feutre, felt; cuir (kweer), leather; 
bois (bwah), wood. En quoi est (ahng kwah ai), of 
what is. . . . Une montre en or, a watch (made) of 
gold ; une montre d'or, a gold watch ; — une robe en 
soie, a dress (made) of silk; une robe de soie, a silk 
dress. 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES II 
Pronunciation and translation of text, page 110 

Singular Plural 

mohng shappoh = 1" m-yamgr mai shappoh = lai m-yaing 

my hat = mine my hats = mine 

mah krav-att = lah m -yen mai krav-att — lai m-yen 

my tie = mine my ties = mine 

sohng moosh-wahr = 1" s-xaing sai moosh-wahr = lai s-jaing 

his (her) handkerchief = his his (her) handkerchief s = his 

(hers) (hers) 

sah but-teen = la s-yen sai but-teen = lai s-yen 

his (her) boot = his (hers) his (her) boots = his (hers) 

nottr pro-f ess-soer = 1" nohtr noh pro-fess-scer = lai nohtr 

our teacher — ours our teachers = ours 

nottr l"ssolm</ = lah nohtr noh P'ssolmgr = lai nohtr 

our lesson — ours our lessons = ours 

vottr gating = le vohtr voh gahw^ = lai vohtr 

your glove = yours your gloves = yours 

vottr rubb = la vohtr voh rubb = lai vohtr 

your dress = yours your dresses = yours 



— 109 — 

Singular Plural 

leer eg-zair-siss = 1" leer lcerz-eg-zair-siss = lai leer 

their exercise = theirs their exercises = theirs 

leer lettr = lah leer leer lettr = lai leer 

their letter = theirs their letters = theirs 

L" leevr d" Zhahng = s" lwee lai leevr d" Zhahw<7 — so d" 

d" Zhahn Zhahn 

the book of Jean z= that of Jean the books of Jelan = those of 

Jean 

Lah plum d" Zhahng = sell d" lai plum d" Zhahng = sell d" 

Zhahng Zhahng 

the pen of Jean = that of Jean the pens of Jean = those of 

Jean 



EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES III 

The objective pronoun of a verb is exactly like the 
definite article : le, la, Y, les. It stands before the verb 
and must agree with the word it represents. 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES IV 

Nouns cannot be used in French without some article 
or other determinative word. When in English a noun 
is used without any determinative word, as is frequent 
in order to express an indefinite quantity, we use in 
French the " partitive article " (masc. du, fern, de la, 
before vowels du and de la are apostrophized into de V ; 
plural in all cases des). Examples: I eat bread, je 
mange du pain ; he has money, il a de l'argent ; he buys 
apples, il achete des pommes, etc. 

With a negation " de " or ci d' " only is used : I do not 
eat bread, je ne mange pas de pain ; he has no money, il 
n'a pas d'argent ; he does not buy apples, il n' achete pas 
de pommes. 

When the noun is not expressed the pronoun en (of 



— 110 — 

it, some) must be used. " Have you money, avez-vous 
de l'argent — I have (some), j'en ai. In English the 
word " some " may be omitted but in French the word 



EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES V 

In sentences containing a number, or a word express- 
ing quantity, the noun referred to must be used, other- 
wise the pronoun en must be employed and the number 
or adverb of quantity must be repeated. Examples : 
Have you ten francs % Avez-vous dix francs ? 
Yes, I have. 1 Oui, j'en ai dix. 

literally : " Yes, I of them have ten." 
How many boxes has he ? Combien a-t-il de boites ? 
He has three. II en a trois. 

literally : " He of them has three." 
Have you many relations ? Avez-vous beaucoup de 
parents ? 

~No, I have not. Eon, je n'en ai pas beaucoup. 
literally : " No, I of them have not many." 

When " des " is used to express an indefinite number, 
the noun must stand after it, otherwise en is used. 
Example : 

Avez-vous mange des cerises? Have you eaten 
(some) cherries. 

Non, je n'en ai pas mange. No, I (of them = some 
= any) have not eaten. 

i Elliptical (incomplete) sentences, frequent in English, cannot 
be used in French. 



— Ill — 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES VI 

In speaking of a place we use a noun with a preposi- 
tion. When these words are not to be repeated, we may- 
use in English an ellipitical form, but in French the ad- 
verb y (which means u there "= the place mentioned) 
must stand before the verb. Examples: 

Etes-vous dans votre chambre? Are you in your 
room? 

Oui, j'y suis. Yes, I am. 

literally: " Yes, I there am." 
Votre frere va-t-il a Paris ? Does your brother go to 
Paris ? 

Non, il n'y va pas. No, he does not. 
literally : " No, he not there goes." 

All the different ideas of place (on, under, in, to, etc.) 
may be represented by y but not the idea of from, which 
is expressed by de with a noun or by en * without the 
noun. Examples : 

Avez-vous ete a l'etage superieur ? Have you been on 
the upper floor ? 

Oui, j'en descends. Yes, I am coming down (from 
there). 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES VII 

The personal pronouns of the first and the second per- 
sons are the same for the direct as for the indirect object 

i en is therefore a preposition meaning " in," as : en classe, en 
ville, en main, etc. — or a pronoun meaning " some, any, of it, of 
them." Avez-vous de l'argent? J'en ai. I have (some) — J'en 
ai peu. I have little (of it) — or an adverb; as: J'en viens. I 
come from there. 



— 112 — 

me, nous, vous, mean therefore not only " me, us, you," 
but also " to me, to us, to you." The pronouns of the 
third persons, however, have different forms for the dif- 
ferent cases, le la, les meaning " him, her, (it), them " ; 
lui signifying " to him, to her, to it " ; leur, " to them." 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES VIII 

The pronouns le, la, les, replace nouns accompanied 
by a determinative; en replaces those having du, de la, 
des, i.e., expressing an indefinite quantity. 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES IX 

" Qui " and " que " are interrogative pronouns. As 
interrogative " qui " is used for persons as subject or 
object of the verb, " que " for. things. As relative pro- 
nouns both are used for persons or things; the former 
as subject of the verb, the latter as object. Examples : 

Interrogative : 

subject-: qui est-ce ? Who is it ? 

object : qui voyez-vous ? Whom do you see ? 

subject : qu'est-ce ? What is it ? 

object : qu'avez-vous ? What have you ? 

Kelative: 
subject: L'homme qui parle:, the man who speaks, 
object : L'homme que je vois, the man (whom) I see. 
subject : L'auto qui vient, the auto which comes, 
object: L'auto que j'ai, the auto (which) I have. 1 

i The relative pronoun in the ohjective case is frequently elided 
in English but never in French. 



— 113 — 

The relative pronoun dont means " whose, of whom, 
from whom, of which, from which." 

L'homnie dont je parle = the man of whom I speak. 

Le pere dont le ills est mort = the father whose son 
died. 

Les fleurs dont vous sentez l'odeur = the flowers, the 
odour of which you smell. 

With prepositions the interrogative is qui for per- 
sons, quoi for things ; the relative pronouns are qui for 
persons, lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles (according 
to gender and number) for things. Examples': 
Devant qui etes-vous ? Devant Monsieur. 
Devant quoi etes-vous ? Devant la table. 
Le monsieur avec qui je me promene, est mon frere = 
The gentleman with whom I take a walk, is my brother. 
La maison dans laquelle nous demeurons, est neuve = 
The house in which we live, is new. 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES X 

Eule : The Past Participle with the verb " to be " 
(etre) expressed or understood must agree with the sub- 
ject of the verb: le livre est ouvert, la porte est ouverte, 
les livres sont ouverts, les portes sont ouvertes. 

Explanation of difficulties in the text : M'est 
parvenue (parr-v"nii), has reached me; seulement, only; 
et que nous sommes partis, and because we left (que is 
used here instead of repeating the " parce que " of the 
preceding clause) ; a ete mise, was put ; par le facteur, by 
the letter carrier; a ete trouvee, was found; n'a done 
ete faite que, has therefore been executed only; m'a 



114 



ete envoyee, was sent to me ; qui a ete commandee, 
which was ordered ; prete, ready ; elle ne sera finie qu'a 
la fin, it will not be ready before the end ; les garnitures, 
the trimmings; qui ont ete choisies (shwahzee), which 
were chosen ; attendues, expected ; livree, delivered ; son 
examen qui a ete fixe a, his examination which has been 
set (appointed), for . . .; decide (desseeday), decided; 
un peu eleves, rather high ; elle vous sera portee, it will 
be carried to you; tout de suite (too-d" sweet), immedi- 
ately ; soit — soit — (swah), either — or — ; a bien- 
(tot-b-yaing-toh), hoping to see you soon. 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES XI 

Rule: The Past Participle with the verb " to have" 
(avoir) agrees with the direct object if the latter pre- 
cedes it. Examples : 



J'ai ecrit une lettre. 
I have written a letter. 

La lettre que j'ai ecrite . . 
The letter which I have writ-* 
ten . . . 

Avez-vous vu mes soeurs ? 
Have you seen my sisters ? 



Oui, je les ai vues. 
Yes, I have seen them. 



participle unchanged be- 
cause the direct object 
follows it. 

ecrite is feminine, agreeing 
with the direct object 
preceding it. 

participle unchanged be- 
cause the direct object 
follows it. 

" vues " feminine plural, 
the direct object " les " 
preceding and this " les " 
referring to sceurs, 



— 115 — 

Explanation of difficulties in the text : M'ont 
fait comprendre votre retard ("r"tar), made me under- 
stand your delay ; m'ayant appris votre depart qu' apres 
l'avoir' mise a la poste, having learned (heard) of your 
departure only after having put it in the Post box ; aus- 
sitot (ohsseetoh) apree avoir lu, immediately after hav- 
ing read; gravures de mode, fashion illustration; je les 
ai trouvees si belles, I found them so beautiful ; que j'en 
ai choisi plusieurs, that I selected several of them; les 
resultats qu'il a obtenus (lai ressiiltah kill ah obt"nu), 
the results he obtained; entierement (alm^-t-yair- 
malm^), entirely; remis (r"mis), handed, given; ren- 
dus, given back, returned ; a samedi, hoping to see you 
Saturday. 

EXEMPLES ET EXERCICES XII 

The past of verbs used reflectively is always formed 
with the auxiliary " to be " (etre) and the Participle 
agrees with the subject. Examples : 

Le monsieur s'est assis; the gentleman has seated him- 
self. 

La dame s'est assise; the lady has seated herself. 

Nous nous sommes amuses; we have enjoyed our- 
selves. 

Les petites filles se sont amusees; the little girls en- 
joyed themselves. 

The same construction is used to express reciprocity, 
but as in such case there are always several persons, the 
participle has always the plural form, the masculine 
form if there are only men or both sexes, the feminine 



— 116 - 

form if there are females only. Examples : Nous nous 
sommes vus, we saw each other. Les dames se sont 
critiquees, the ladies criticized one another. 

Explanation of difficulties in the text : Bros- 
ser, to brush ; le poele, the stove ; ils s'habillent tout seuls, 
they dress themselves all alone ; lever la main, to raise the 
hand; deshabiller (dess-abbeeyai), to undress; rencon- 
trer, to meet; je me rends, I betake myself = I go; 
vous vous rendez, you betake yourself = you go ; en 
ramassant, in picking up ; morceaux de verre, pieces of 
glass ; une nappe, a tablecloth ; nettoyer, to clean. 



The past participle retains its simple form when a 
preposition (to, for, with) is understood. Examples: 

Ils se sont ecrit des lettres, they have written (to) each 
other letters. 

Ils se sont parle, they spoke (with) each other. 

Nous nous sommes donne la main, we gave (to) each 
other the hand (we shook hands with each other). 

Nous nous sommes achete des cadeaux, we bought 
(for) each other some presents. 

Explanation of difficulties'in the text : Faites- 
vous mal a Jean ? Do you do harm to John (i.e., do you 
hurt him) ? Vous coupez vous le doigt, do you cut your 
finger? (literal: do you cut yourself the finger). II se 
mord la langue, he bites his tongue (he bites himself the 
tongue). Vous coupez-vous les cheveux ? Do you cut 
your hair? Qui vous les coupe? Who cuts them for 
you ? II se donne un coup contre la table, he gave him- 



— 117 — 

self a knock against the table (i.e., he got a knock). En 
tombant de cheval je me casse la jambe. In falling from 
a norse I break a leg. Les enfants se tirent-ils les 
cheveux ? Do the children pull each other's hair % Les 
petits garcons se jettent des pierres. The little boys 
throw stones at each other. Je me fatigue les yeux, I 
tire my eyes (my eyes get tired). 

Remark 7J>: In the above examples you will notice 
that in speaking of a part of our body we do not use 
the possessive in French but the definite article with ob- 
jective pronoun, as: I burned my hand, je me suis 
brule la main (literally: I burned myself the hand). 



n8 



SYNOPSIS OF VERBAL FORMS. 



fi 

► 

> 


8 

i 


C» 

8 /-N 

•9 >> 

© <A 

.Sij 53 n >• 53 


5 "O — L 

8 S> ^3 

•3 :3'«>bS e 

Hi! ^J 

^52 C^-'>. 53 


9 

> 

It 
II 

c £ 

■•* > 

O oc 

r 


1 

C*to 

2 


* «S « ► g Ja 

a^-si2o2oai 


i3 

00 

« «o « > *- > 3 Co 

2^2| § g s o§^ 




8 

-s 

CO 
CO 


is. 

OJ _? 10 S B /— •> 

a l^cScg-2 


9 

a ^> 

Co g g 

« © c-9— >, c 
* ««®cs « 

t§ 5 c 5 s £ -s g 

|S W ,f W S w 5'~'_co w 


•jr. 


A 

0} 

IS 

s 


^ 2 « 

£ <*=.§ C - C c-s 
m 3 £ w 3« 3 » £ 

|5 2aa§B§3a 


E « « 
o 20 es co o a > y c 

i S-g-S - S §5 1-2 ? 

S^SS§§2?§^ 


6. 
l-H 


g 

OS 

fa 
fa 
5 

1 


H 

BO 

1 


4* 

s 

CO 



SYNOPSIS OF VERBAL FORMS. 



II 9 



~ ? ~ ~ 

03 /-n O OS g 

i; .c ± ± ^ 

«5» t* S3 Csn *? «- 

g -a p s <a s^-o 
-a -S s'S'S'o'Sgs 

l^lliololl 

.2, - i £ S 


etendre, to extend 

(ettahwp-dr) 
repandre, to spread 

(reppah»0-dr) 
r6pondre, to answer 

(reppohnp-dr) 
rendre, to give back 

(rahflp-dr) 
descendre, to descend 

(dess-sahnc-dr) 
attend re, to wait 

(attahwg'-dr) 


SP c 1 & t 

u Ji to O t« _a 

to •'J-.5t.tej-> 
^. to 5 > to > co £5 

gigsfjifig-g 


apercevoir, to perceive 

(appairss'vwahr) 
devoir, to owe, to be 

obliged 

(d"vwahr) 


je finirai 

(zh" finny-ray) 
il finira 

(il finny-rah) 
nous finirons 

(noo finny-rohng') 
vous finirez 

(voo flnny-ray) 
ils finiront 

(il finny-rohnj/) 


garantir, to protect 
(gahrahw-^teer) 

salir, to soil 
(sahleer) 

and nearly all others end- 
ing in ir except those of 
the following tables. 


* 2§i£i-2 

JiSSf filJS 

i^iisoi^li 

g^cs^oogtngl- 


«| 
**£! 

.So 

s « 
» C o» 
<u °£ 

<3 > 

Si 


p 




R 

»^ 

6 £ 

a- 

O 



120 



SYNOPSIS OF VERBAL FORMS. 



INFIN'ITIK. 



Present. 



I. 

Comznencer, 1 to begin 


je commence 


il commence 


nous commeucons 


kum-mahng'-say 


zh" kum-mab«0s 


il kum-inahttgrs 


noo kum-mah?/(7-soh?*6r 


manger. 2 to eat 


je mange 


il mange 


nous mangcons 


mah»£/-zhay 


zh" mab/?e'-zb 


il inah??gr-zh 


noo mah?ig-zhohng 


lever,* to raise 


je love 


il love 


nous levons 


l"vay 


zb"laiv 


il laiv 


noo Y'vohng 


appeler, 4 to call 


j'appelle 


il appelle 


nous appelons 


app"lay 


zhappell 


il appell 


noo2-app"loh«^ 


preferer. 5 to prefer 


je prefere 


il pre fere 


nous p refer on s 


preft-fayray 


zh" preff-fair 


il preff-fair 


noo preff fay-roh«(7 


em plover. 6 to employ 


j'emploie 


il emploie 


nous employons 


ah»^-phvab-yay 


zhahz/^-plwah 


il ahn^-plwab 


nooz-ahftgr-phvah-yohngr 


aller, to go 


je vais 


il va 


nous allons 


al-lay 

II. 
dormir, 7 to sleep 


zh" vai 


ilvah 


nooz-allohngr 


je dors 


il dort 


nous dormons 


dorrmeer 


zh" dor 


il dor 


noo dorr-mohn^ 


fuir, to run away 


je fuis 


a Mt 


nous fuyons 


fweer 


zb" fwee 


il fwee 


noo fwee-yobrc^ 


ouvrir, 8 to open 


j'ouvre 


il ouvre 


nous ouvrons 


oovreer 


zboovr 


il oovr 


nooz-oovrohnflf 


mourir, to die 


je meurs 


il meurt 


nous mourons 


moo-reer 


zh" mcer 


il moer 


noo moorohwg' 


courir, to run 


je cours 


il court 


nous courons 


koo-reer 


zh" koor 


il koor 


noo koo-robngr 


venir, 9 to come 


je viens 


il vient 


nous venons 


v"neer 


zh" r'y&xng 


il v'yainp 


noo v"nob7i-g' 


III. 








mouvoir, to move 


je meus 


il meut 


nous mouvons 


moov-vwahr 


zh" mo 
f je peux 1 


il mo 


noo moo-\ohng 


pouvoir, to be able 


1 zh" po 


il peut 


nous pouvons 


poov-wahr 


1 puis-je ? 

{ pwee-zb" J 


ilpo 


noo poo-vohng 


vouloir, to desire 


je veux 


il veut 


nous voulons 


vool-wahr 


zh" vo 


il v5 


noo voo-lohngr 


savoir, to know 


je sais 


il sait 


nous savons 


sav-wahr 


zh" say 


il say 


noo sav-vobngr 


voir, to see 


je vois 


il voit 


nous voyons 


vwabr 


zb" vwab 


il vwab 


noo vwab-yobtt^ 


s'asseoir, to sit down 


je m'assieds 


il s'assied 


nous nous asseyons 


sass-wabr 


zb" mass-yay 


il sass-yay 


noo nooz-assay-yoh«(7 


avoir, to bave 


j'ai 


ila 


nous avons 


av-wahr 


zbay 


illab 


nooz-avvobw^ 



1 also : forcer, to force (forrsav) ; the cedille (f) is used before a and o to retain the 
soft c sound. 2 also : nager, to swim (nazhav) ; a mute e is inserted before a and o to 
retain the soft g sound. 3 also : acheter, to buy (ash-tay), peser, to weigh (p zay), 
mener to lead (m"nav) ; the unaccented e gets the grave accent in syllables preceding 
a mute e. 4 also : jeter, to throw (zh"tay) ; the t or lis doubled in syllables preceding 
a mute e. 5 also : regner, to reign (rain-vay) ; the acute accent is changed to the grave 
in syllables preceding a mute e in tbe present tense. 6 also : essuyer, to wipe (ess- 



SYNOPSIS OF VERBAL FORMS. 



121 





Particite 
Present. 


PARTK Il'K 

Pas E. 


FlTTl.'R. 


vous commencez 


ils commencent 


commencant 


commence 


je commencerai 


vookum-mahflg'- 


il kummah7i£7s 


kum-mah»(7- 


kum-mahng- 


zh" kum-umhng- 


say 




&ah?ig 


say 


s"ray 


vous mangez 


il mangent 


mangeant 


mange 


je mange rai 


voo malmg'-zhay 


il mahng-zh 


mahng-zhaimg 


mahn^-zhay 


zh" mahng- 

zh"ray 
je leverai 


vous levez 


ils levent 


levant 


leve 


voo l"vay 


il laiv 


Y'vahng 


l"vay 


zh" laiv"ray 


vous appelez 


ils appellant 


appelant 


appele 


j'appellerai 


vooz-app"lay 


ilz-ap-pell 


ap-plahw# 
preferant 


ap-play 


zhap-pell"ray 


vous preferez 


ils preferent 


prefere 


je prefererai 
zh" preff-fayr"ray 


voo preff-fay-ray 


il preff-fair 


preff-fay-rahtt.gr 


preff-fayray 


vous em ploy ez 


ils emploient 


employant 


employe 


j'emploirai 


vooz-atmc- 


ilz-ahng- 


ahn^-plwah- 


ah»$7-plwah- 


zhahrac-plwah- 


plwah-yay 


plwah 


yahng 


„? ay 


ray 


vous allez 


ils vont 


allant 


alle 


j'irai 


vooz-al-lay 


il vohng 


al-lahnflf 


al-lay 


zheeray 


vous dormez 


ils dorment 


dormant 


dormi 


je dormirai 


voo dorrmay 


il dorrm' 


Aorrmahng 


dorrmee 


zh" dorrmeeray 


vous fuyez 


ils fuient 


fuyant 


fai 


je fuirai 


voo fwee-yay 


ilfwee 


fwee-yahng 


fwee 


zh" fweeray 


vous ouvrez 


ils ouvrent 


ouvi-ant 


ouvert 


j'ouvrirai 


vooz-oovray 


ilz-oovr 


oovrahng 


oovair 


zhoovree-ray 


vous mourez 


ils meurent 


mourant 


mort 


je mourrai 


voo moo-ray 


il moer 


mooralmg' 


mor 


zh" moor-ray 


vous courez 


ils courent 


courant 


couru 


je courrai 


voo koo-ray 


il koor 


koo-rahng 


koo-ru. 


zh" koor-ray 


vous venez 


ils viennent 


venant 


venu 


je viendrai 


voo v"nay 


il v'yen 


\"nahng 


v"nu 


zh" v'yaing-ilray 


vous mouvez 


ils meuvent 


mouvant 


mu 


je mouvrai 


voy moo-vay 


il inoev 


moo-vahwgr 


mu 


zh" moov-ray 


vous pouvez 


ils peuvent 
il poev 


pouvant 


pu 


je pourrai 


voo poovay 


poovahngr 


pii 


zh" pooray 


vous voulez 


ils veulent 


voulant 


voulu 


je voudrai 


voo voolay 


ilvoell 


\oo\ahng 


voolii 


zh" voodray 


vous savez 


ils savent 


sachant 


su 


je saurai 


voo sav-vay 


il sav 


sash-almgr 


su. 


zh" sohray 


vous voyez 


ils voient 


voyant 


vu 


je verrai 


voo vwah'yay 


il vwah 


vwah'yatmy 


vii 


zh" vai-ray 


vous vous asseyez 


ils s'asseyent 


s'asseyant 


assis 


je m'assierai 


voo vooz- 


il sassay-ye 


sassay-yahngr 


assee 


zh" mass-yai-ray 


ass-ay-yay 










vous avez 


ils ont 


ayant 


eu 


j'aurai 


vooz-av-vay 


ilz-oh?ig' 


ay-yalmgr 


ii 


zhohray 



wee-yay) ; nettoyer, to clean (net-twah-yay) ; appuyer, to lean upon (ap-wee-yay); 
the y is changed to i before consonants and mute e ; payer, to pay (pay-yay), this last 
verb may keep the y in all the forms. 7 also : sortir, to go out (sorrteer) ; sentir, 
to feel (salm^-teer) "> partir, to depart (parrteer); servir, to serve (sairveer) ; the last 
consonant of the stem is dropped before a consonant. 8 also : couvrir, to cover 
(koovrreer) ; offrir, to offer (offreer) ; these end like the first conjugation in the present 
tense, but not in the others. 9 also : revenir, to return (r"vneer) ; tenir, to hold 



122 



SYNOPSIS OF VERBAL FORMS. 



Inkinitif. 


Presknt. 


IV. 








niettre, to put 


je mets 


il met 


nous mettons 


mettr 


zh" mai 


il mai 


noo met-tohng 


prendre, 10 to take 


je prends 


il prend 


nous prenons 


pratm^-dr 


zh" prahmgr 


il prahn^ 


noo pr"nohnj7 


connaitre, 11 to be ac- 


je connais 


il connait 


nous connaissons 


[quainted with 


zh" kun-nai 


il kun-nai 


noo kun-ness-sohngr 


kun-naitr 








plaire, to please 


je plais 


il plait 
ilplai 


nous plaisons 


plan- 


zh" plai 


noo plai-zohngr 


lire, to read 


je lis 


il lit 


nous lisons 


leer 


zh" lee 


illee 


noo \ee-zdhng 


dire, to say 


je dis 


ildit 


nous disons 


deer 


zh" dee 


il dee 


noo dee-zohng 


ecrire, to write 


j'ecris 


il ecrit 


nous ecrivons 


eckreer 


zheckree 


il-eckree 


nooz-eckree-vohnc 


boire, to drink 


je bois 


il boit 


nous buvons 


bwahr 


zh" bwah 


il bwah 


noo \>u-vohng 


rire, to laugh 


je ris 


ilrit 


nous rions 


reer 


zh" ree 


ilree 


noo ree-yoh?igr 


vivre, to live 


je vis 


ilvit 


nous vivons 


veevr 


zh" vee 


il vee 


noo yiv-vohng 


nuire, to harm 


je nuis 


il nuit 


nous nuisons 


nweer 


zh" nwee 


il nwee 


noo nwee-zoihng 


euivre, to follow 


je suis 


il suit 


nous suivons 


sweevr 


zh" swee 


il swee 


noo swee-vohngr 


conduire, 12 to conduct 


je conduis 


il conduit 


nous conduisons 


kohngr-dweer 


zh" kolmgr-dwee 


il kohrec-dwee 


noo kohng-dwee-zohng 


eteindre," to extin- 


j'eteins 


il eteint 


nous eteignons 


ettamg'dr [guish 


zhettaing 


il ettamgr 


nooz-ettaifi-yohng' 


faire, to make, to do 


je fais 


il fait 


nous faisons 


fair 


zh" fai 


ilfai 


noo fzohng 


etre, to be 


je suis 


il est 


nous sommes 


aitr 


zh" swee 


il ai 


noo summ 



(t"neer) ; retenir, to retain (r"ttneer). 10 also : comprendre, to understand (kohng- 
prahng-Hr) \ apprendre, to learn (ap-prahw g-dr) . u also : apparaitre, to appear (ap- 
parr-raitr). « also : construire, to build (kohw^st-rweer) ; instruire, to instruct 



SYNOPSIS OF VERBAL FORMS. 



123 







Participe . 


Pakticipe 


FtlTUR. 






Present. 


Pasj-e. 


vous mettez 


ils mettent 


uiettant 


mis 


je mettrai 


voo mettay 


il mett 


met-talm^ 


mee 


zh" mett-ray 


vous prenez 


ils prennent 
il pren 


prenant 


pris 


je prendrai 


voo pr"nay 


pr"nah?igr 


pree 


zh" prahng-diay 


vous connaissez 


ils connaissent 


connaissant 


connu 


je connaitrai 


voo kuu-naissay 


il kun-ness 


kun-ness-sahw.g' 


kun-nii 


zh" kun-nettray 


vous plaisez 


ils plaisent 
il plaiz 


plaisant 


plu 


je plairai 


voo plaizay 


plaizahwg' 


plu 


zh" plairay 


vous lisez 


ils lisent 


lisant 


lu 


je lirai 


voo leezay 


il leez 


leezahng 


lu 


zh" leeray 


vous dites 


ils disent 


disant 


dit 


je dirai 


voo dit 


il deez 


&iz-&hng 


dee 


zh" deeray 


vous ecrivez 


ils ecrivent 


ecrivant 


ecrit 


j'ecrirai 


vooz-eckree-vay 


ilz-eckreev' 


eckreevab?i(7 


eckree 


zheck-reeray 


vous buvez 


ils boivent 


buvant 


bu 


je boirai 


voo biivay 


il bwav 


buv-vah»0 


bu 


zh" bwahray 


vous riez 


il rient 


riant 


ri 


je rirai 


voo ree-yay 


il ree 


ree-yahng 


ree 


zh" reeray 


vous vivez 


ils vivent 


vivant 


vecu 


je vivrai 


voo viv-vay 


il veev 


viv-vahng 


veck-ii 


zh" veevray 


vous nuisez 


ils nuisent 


nuisant 


nui 


je nuirai 


voo nwee-zay 


il nweez 


nwee-z&hng 


nwee 


zh" nweeray 


vous suivez 


ils suivent 


suivant 


suivi 


je suivrai 


voo swee-vay 


il sweev 


swee-vahwgr 


sweeyee 


zh" sweevray 


vous conduisez 


ils conduisent 


conduisant 


conduit 


je conduirai 


voo lnohng-dwee- 
zay 
vous eteignez 


il kolm^-dweez 


kohrtg'-dwee- 
z&hng 
eteignant 


kolmgr-dwee 


zh" koh?i(7-dwee- 
ray 
j'eteindrai 


ils eteignent 


eteint 


vooz-ettaifi-yay 


ilz-ettain 


ettain-yah»0 


ettaing' 


zhettawg'-dray 


vous faites 


ils font 


faisant 


fait 


je ferai 


voo fait 


il fohng 


f'zahng 


fai 


zh" fray 


vous etes 


ils sont 


etant 


ete 


je serai 


vooz-ett 


il sohng 


ettahng 


ettay 


zh" sray 



(aingst-rweer) ; traduire, to translate (trad-weer) ; produire, to produce (prod-weer). 
13 also : peindre, to paint (paing'-dr) ; joindre, to join (zhwamg'-dr) ; craindre, to fear 
(kram^-dr). 



EDITION BERLITZ. 



The "Edition Berlitz" is a collection of most interesting mod- 
ern French Comedies, etc., which have been carefully selected 
and expurgated for the use of Schools and for choice home 
reading. The Comedies are easily played by amateurs, and the 
"Monologues" can be successfully recited at entertainments. 

The volumes marked * contain several different pieces, and 
are therefore mentioned under several headings. 



COMEDIES, Seriea I. 

(25 cents per number.) 

No. 1. Le Retour du Japon. 

" 2. La Gifle. 

u I Les Rives de Marguerite. 

' | En "Wagon. 
" 4. Les deux Timides. 

5. L'ete de la St. Martin. 
«« i ^ e Voyageur. 

| La Dame de Niort. 
" 7. La Cigale chez les Fourmis. 
•' 8. Le Serment d'Horace. 
" 9. La Demoiselle a Marier. 
" 10. Embrassons-nous, Folleville. 
L'CEillet Blianc. 
Le Secret de Polichinelle. 
12.* % A La Porte. 

13. La Duchesse Martin (with English notes). N 

14. La Peur du Mariage. 
Un Caissier. 
L'heure de la Soupe. 

16.* Un Quart d 'Heure avant sa mort. 
17.* L'Antipathie (for girls). 

18. Les Idees de Rosalie (for girls). 

19. La Cage d'Or (for girls). 

20. La Gnammaire (with copious English notes). 

21. Gustave " " " " 



11. 



M 



MONOLOGUES. 

Le Voyage a * * * (very comical). Series I, No. 12. 
Solo de FlQte (exceedingly funny). Series I, No. 16. 



LOS VERBOS E SPAR OLE S 

APRENDIDOS POR LA CONVERSACION 

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN FORM OF 
CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES 
assisting the pupil to understand at a glance the principJes ot the 
Spanish verb-formation. 

I8y m. T>. "BERLITZ 



Price 75 Cents. 



cA PRACTICAL 

SMATTERING OF SPANISH 

<By> 8M. T>. "BERLITZ 



Price 30 Cents. 



LE FRANgAIS COMMERCIAL 
EL ESPANOL COMERCIAL 
DEUTSCHE HANDELSSPRACHE 
COMMERCIAL ENGLISH 

Each 75 Gents 

These books are designed for pupils who desire to acquaint 
themselves with business phraseology. A great help for those 
seeking to learn idiomatic expressions and style. Though 
entirely in the foreign language, they may be advantageously 
used by pupils just beyond the elementary stage. They con- 
tain a large number of examples of business letters, commercial 
papers, etc., with practical exercises thereon, and also an 
appendix with the elements of commercial law, partnership, 
etc., so that, though beginning in an easy and simple way. 
they form a complete treatise on business forms and usage. 



French with or without a Master. 

2 vols., $1.00 each. 

German with or without a Master. 

2 vols., $1.25 each. 

Spanish with or without a Master. 

2 vols., $1.00 each. 



The advantages claimed for this method are : 

(a) Tne lessons are mostly based on object-teaching, thus associating 
perception directly with the foreign expressions. 

(6) Nearly all the lessons are in shape of conversation, in order to 
continually drill the student's ear and tongue. 

(c) The most useful being always taught first, the student's mind is 
not overburdened with rules and words. 

(d) Where rules are to be given, they are illustrated by striking ex- 
amples. 

(e) The pronunciation of all new words is carefully transcribed and 
the idioms and other difficulties are thoroughly explained, so that, if 
necessary, the students can progress without a teacher. 

The method is designed : 

(i) For self -instruction : the student in such case reads each lesson 
several times aloud and then asks himself the questions of the book, 
answering them. 

(2) For reciprocal instruction in clubs or parties of friends, each mem* 
ber alternately taking the rdle of teacher, asking the questions and let. 
ting the other members answer. This is more advantageous than 
self -instruction, as the ear is drilled in catching the foreign sounds by 
hearing other people's voices. 

(3) For schools in which a course in conversation is desired, besides 
the ordinary course in grammar and translation. 

(4) For schools that have large classes or cannot give a great deal of 
time to languages ; as in this book the students find all difficulties ex< 
gained, thus being enabled to do a great deal of work outside of thei) 
^citations 



GRAMMAIRE 
PRATIQUE 

4 "Vols. 
Sold separately. . Eacli j5 Cents. 

VOL. I. 

VERB DRILL, a practical course in the French 
Verb, mostly in form of conversational exercises, fol- 
lowed by complete rules for the use of tenses and moods. 

VOL. II. 

NOM, PRONOM, ADJECTIF ET ARTICLE, a 
full treatise on these parts of speech, with abundant 
exercises. 

C 

VOL. III. 

ADVERBE, PREPOSITION, CONJONCTION 
ET OBSERVATIONS GENERALES. 



VOL. IV. 

PRONONCIATION ET ORTHOGRAPHE, a 
complete course in all the difficulties of pronouncing 
and spelling. 



The Berlitz Schools of Languages 

HEAD OFFICE, 

28-30 West 34th Street - - New York 



NORTH AMERICA. 

New York, 28-30 West 34th Street. 

" Brooklyn Branch, 218-220 Livingston Street. 
Orange, 160 William Street. 
Boston, 132 Boylston Street. 

Philadelphia, 1541 Chestnut Street, corner 16th Street. 
Baltimore, 14 West Franklin Street. 
Washington, 816 14th Street, N. W. 
Chicago, Auditorium (Congress Street Entrance). 
Detroit, David Whitney Building. 
Pittsburgh, Arrott Building. 
Havana, Cuba, O'Reilly 118, Altos. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 



Buenos Ay res, 847 Avenida de Mayo. 

Rosario, 797 Cordoba. 

Cordoba, 373 calle Colon. 

Montevideo, 25 de Mayo, 338. 

Rio de Janeiro, 110, avenida Fio Branco. 

Sao Paolo, 8, rua Direita. 



AWARDS TO THE BERLITZ METHOD. 

Paris Exposition, 1900 - - Two Gold Medals. 

Gold Medal. 
Gold Medal 
Grand Prize. 
Grand Prize. 
Grand Prize. 
Hors Concours. 
Hors Concours. 



Lille 


M 


1902 


Zurich 


« 


1902 


St. Louis 


M 


1904 


Liege 


« 


1905 


London 


it 


1908 


Brussels 


« 


1910 


Turin 


M 


1911 



The Berlitz Schools of Languages 



FRANCE. 

PARIS, 31 Boulevard des Italiens. 
BIARRITZ, 19 Place de la Mairie. 
HAVRE, 94 Boulevard Francois I. 
LYONS, 13 rue de la Republique. 
BORDEAUX, 46 Cours de l'lntendance. 
MARSEILLES, 16 rue Grignan. 
NICE, 2 Jardin Roi Albert I. 
VERSAILLES, 22 bis av. de St. Cloud. 



LAUSANNE, 4 Terreaux. 
BASLE, Steinenberg 19. 
LUCERNE, Pilatusstrasse. 

HOLLAND. 

AMSTERDAM, Heerengracht 451. 
THE HAGUE, 58 Noordeinde. 
LEIDEN, Turfmarkt 8. 



BELGIUM. 

BRUSSELS, 56 rue de l'Ecuyer. 
ANTWERP, 8 Place de Meir. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

LONDON, 321 Oxford Street. 

62 King William St., E. C. 
" 2 Queens Road, Bayswater. 

" 3 Harrington Road, Soutli 

Kensington. 
" 159 Finchley Road, Hamp- 

stead. 
BRIGHTON, 149 Western Road. 
BRISTOL, 17 Berkeley Sq., Clifton. 
DUBLIN, 59 Grafton Street. 
EDINBURGH, 97 George Street. 
GLASGOW, 152 Sauchiehall Street. 
LEEDS, 13 Bond Street. 
LEICESTER, De Montford Chambers. 
LIVERPOOL, May Building, Lord 

Street. 
MANCHESTER, 75 King Street. 
SHEFFIELD, 27 Churcli Street. 



SCANDINAVIA. 

KOPENHAGEN, Jork's Passage. 
CHRISTIANIA, Tostrupgaarden. 
AARHUS, Ryesgade 2. 



ITALY. 

ROME, 114 via Nazionale. 
FLORENCE, 1 via Roma. 
GENOA, 31 SS. Giacomo e Philippo. 
MILAN, 34 Piazza del Duomo. 
NAPLES, 22 Piazza della Borsa. 
VENICE, 845 San Marco Ponte dei Dai. 



SPAIN. 

MADRID, 9 Preciados. 
BARCELONA, 58 Calle Pelayo. 
SEVILLA, Calle Mendez Nunez 19. 



PORTUGAL. 

LISBON, Rua do Ouro 139. 
PORTO, Rua Sa da Bandeira 259. 



RUSSIA. 

PETROGRAD, 6 Nevsky Prospect. 
MOSCOW, Kusnetzky Most 16. 
KIEFF, Fundukleyevskaya 12-14. 
WARSAW, Bratzka 13. 



AFRICA. 

ALEXANDRIA, 10 rue Stambul. 
CAIRO, 24 Sliaria Emad el Din. 
ALGIERS, 36 rue d'Isly. 



SWITZERLAND. 

ZURICH, 35 Rennweg. 
GENEVA, 6 rue du Rh6ne. 



AUSTRALIA. 

MELBOURNE, Equitable Building. 
SYDNEY, Culwulta Chambers. 



The limited space in this page prevents us from giving the ad- 
dresses of all our Schools, consisting of over 300 Branches. They 
may be obtained on application at any of our offices. 



